Sources

Bannau Brycheiniog National Park Authority

The statutory authority for the national park, and the right place to send a reader for anything current.

Where: Getting here — public transport, train, coach and bus sections

What checking found: Read directly. The National Park Authority’s own visitor site. The transport section names the rail approaches used to reach the park — hourly direct trains to Abergavenny on the Cardiff–Manchester line, half-hourly trains to Merthyr Tydfil from Cardiff and Pontypridd, and Llandovery on the Heart of Wales line — and the bus services that serve it, including the T4 Cardiff to Newtown via Brecon, the T6 Swansea to Brecon, and the X55 Cymru Clipper. It points at Traveline Cymru for timetables. Cited here for transport orientation only; nothing about conditions, closures or route difficulty is taken from it, and the site carries none of that in a form that would survive being summarised on a static page.

Supports: convention · changes often · checked 2026-08-20 · read 2026-08-20 · HTTP 200

British Federation for Historical Swordplay

The federation for historical swordplay in Britain, on protective equipment — including its own statement that hard-and-fast requirements are not possible.

Where: General protection; masks; gloves; torso; limbs

What checking found: Read directly, and it is unusually useful because it declines to be prescriptive in its own voice: "the protective equipment in use throughout the BFHS can vary considerably, so it is not possible to create hard-and-fast requirements." That is the governing body saying the thing a reference page would otherwise have to say for itself. The specific points cited are the ones beginners get wrong. On masks: "standard fencing masks are designed to protect against a light thrusting sword, not a heavy piece of steel swung with both hands." On gloves: "when significant impact is expected, e.g. with most cutting swords, heavy gloves with some form of armour are necessary." On the torso, that a 350 newton jacket "offers good protection against laceration and most impaling threats" while the 800N jackets used in competition "are no more bulky and are far more resilient". On limbs, that covering "must cover all skin and overlap with the jacket or gambeson". And the organising principle: "general protection is afforded by having no bare skin showing." Cited on the HEMA page for the mask point, the no-bare-skin principle and the fact that requirements are club and weapon specific rather than universal. No kit list is reproduced as a standard, because the source itself says one cannot be.

Supports: safety, equipment · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

British Federation for Historical Swordplay

One ruleset quoted in structure, explicitly as an example rather than as the standard. Marked version 2, September 2011, which is the point rather than a caveat.

Where: Safety; hit definitions; scoring; the referee

What checking found: Downloaded and read in full as a PDF. It is the clearest available statement of how one HEMA ruleset actually works, and the guide quotes it rather than paraphrasing because the structure is what is interesting. Hits are graded rather than counted: a Killing Blow "represents a strike that, according to the judgement of the Referee, would have incapacitated" and is "automatically a win", while a Wound "does NOT stop play" and is tallied. The rule that shapes the whole sport is the double: a Double Killing Blow, "where both Players deliver a Killing Blow within the same tempo", is "automatically a loss for both Players". Scoring runs 3 for a killing blow taking no wounds, 2 for one taking wounds or for wounds without reply, 1 for a wound deficit or an equal exchange won on first hit, 0 for a loss. Safety is explicit: prohibited targets are "Fingers, back of head, knee and below, groin", prohibited techniques are "Throws, headbutts, punches, unarmed grapples, “murder strikes”, pommel strikes to areas other than the face", "Bare skin, outdoor shoes, shields, bucklers etc. are not permitted", and "It is expected that Players will pull their blows". Two limits are carried on the guide rather than hidden. The document is marked "Version 2 – September 2011", which is old enough that a reader must treat it as an illustration of how a ruleset is built rather than as the rules in force at any given event. And it is one federation’s longsword rules among many — BFHS publishes separate documents for backsword, rapier and smallsword, and the international tournament scene runs on rulesets this one does not govern.

Supports: rules, safety · changes often · checked 2026-08-18 · read 2026-08-18 · HTTP 200

British Human Power Club

The club’s current safety requirements for racing a human-powered vehicle, and its statement of why it declines to specify the machines.

Where: Safety — Helmets; Brakes; Guards; Starting, Stopping And Signalling

What checking found: Read directly, and brought in by the Mega Programme 43–45 source-freshness sweep to replace a 2018 championship PDF that had been standing in for the club’s current rules. The club states its own philosophy in the sentence the discipline turns on: it "aims to foster the development of Human-Powered Vehicles, free from the constraints of arbitrary technical specifications. Therefore we have very few rules governing the construction of race machines. There are a few rules, however, regarding safety." Helmets: "All riders must wear (on your head) a helmet approved by a recognised national standards authority (e.g. Snell, ANSI, TUV, etc.)", and then the exception, which is the passage that corrected our page — "The sole exception to this rule in in the case of a faired machine where the rider’s head is enclosed, in which case any helmet designed to protect the head (such as a leather “hairnet” type helmet) may be used" (the doubled "in" is in the original). Brakes are graded by venue rather than fixed: "You must have an effective means of slowing down, appropriate to the event. For a velodrome no brakes are required if and only if a fixed-wheel is used. For closed tracks at least one effective brake is required. For any events on public roads, legal requirements apply: i.e. two independent braking systems must be fitted." Guards: "the chainring must be covered by either a fixed shield or by a strong rotating chainguard (including those with a single chainring). A lightweight chainguard for protecting the rider’s trousers from the chain will probably not be sufficient", with enforcement stated — "Competitors who fail to do this will be warned; a second warning will mean you will not be permitted to compete." On projections: "open-ended tubes – think apple-corer – are one of the more commonly seen dangerous design “features”" and a machine carrying them "may be asked to remedy it before being allowed to race". Two recommendations rather than rules: elbow guards for riders without a hard-shell fairing, and a rear-view mirror for everyone.

Supports: rules, safety · changes often · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

British Human Power Club

The current class structure, which divides by machine construction and separately by rider, and lets a single entry score in several classes at once.

Where: Exclusive classes; non-exclusive rider classes; machine construction classes

What checking found: Read directly. The class structure has moved on materially from the 2018 championship document this replaces, and in a direction worth describing rather than merely correcting. Machines are divided by construction: Open ("Full fairings are allowed"), Part-faired, Unfaired ("No fairings are allowed. Disc wheels and wheel covers are permitted"), Faired Multitrack ("three or more wheels in two or more tracks. The wheels must be structural"), Multitrack, and Street — "for all cycles – other than velomobiles – suitable for use on the public highway", where side fairings and "bags" are disallowed as unsuitable for road use. Riders are separately divided into non-exclusive classes: Women, Women Part-faired, Juniors ("Aged over 10 and under 16 on the 1st of January that year"), Arm-powered ("Riders propelling their machines solely with their arms. Arm-powered riders do not have to have a physical impairment"), and Car-free — "Riders of any machine who have travelled to the race without using a private motor vehicle", explained as recognising that road-legal machines "are often at a competitive disadvantage" and that drivers arrive fresher. Electric-assist is "Currently suspended for insurance reasons", with e-assist machines admitted to Open "if the battery is removed for the duration of the race". The structural fact underneath all of it: "Classes inherit from each other for the purposes of race points. For example, a rider of an Unfaired machine would also gain points in the Part-faired and Open classes."

Supports: rules, convention · changes often · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

British Human Power Club

The championship points system, including the 10%-per-position decay, the minimum score and the best-eight-events rule.

Where: How are these points calculated?; What about non-finishers?; best-of counting

What checking found: Read directly, and it corrected a figure this catalogue had published. The rule is stated plainly: "For a stand-alone round, 1st place gets 1000 points, then the points decrease by 10% for each position below 1st, rounded to the nearest whole point", with the first twenty places tabulated from 1000 down to 135 and the observation that "all riders therefore receive a minimum of 5 points". Our recumbent cycling page had said each finisher scores 95% of the rider ahead, which came from the superseded 2018 championship document and was wrong for current racing; it has been corrected. Two further provisions carry the club’s character and are now cited: only a rider’s "best 8 events" count towards a championship, stated as "an attempt not to give an undue advantage to riders who attend more events"; and a rider who starts and does not finish is not simply struck out but placed, by calculating "an average speed for DNF riders using their completed laps and the finish time of the overall last finisher".

Supports: rules, convention · changes often · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

British Mountaineering Council

The representative body for climbers in England and Wales, on bouldering safety, spotting and pads.

What checking found: Read. It supports the landing and spotting guidance directly — bouldering with others so you can spot each other and carry more pads between you, being an attentive spotter, padding out landings as well as you can, and considering 'what if' before committing to a move. It also carries substantial rock-conservation guidance, including not climbing on wet grit or sandstone. It says nothing about finger injuries or warming up, so the finger-injury warning does not rest on it.

Supports: safety, technique, convention · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

British Mountaineering Council

BMC coaching guidance on training and recovery timescales. Supports the tendon-adaptation mechanism, not the injury-prevalence claim.

What checking found: Read. It supports the mechanism behind the finger warning without stating the warning: different body systems recover over different timescales, “from a few minutes for creatine phosphate, a day for glycogen replenishment and up to several days for connective tissues and protein structures to be built”, and it treats injury prevention as dependent on maturation. It does not say that finger pulley injuries are the characteristic climbing injury, and it does not tell beginners to avoid fingerboarding. The page therefore keeps that claim as partially established rather than upgrading it on this.

Supports: technique, safety · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

British Mountaineering Council

The statement every BMC-affiliated club and event carries. It is the sport’s own framing of its risk, which is why the indoor climbing page quotes it rather than paraphrasing.

Where: The statement itself

What checking found: Read in full. The representative body’s own formal position: “Climbing, hill walking and mountaineering can provide life-long physical, social and mental health benefits through exercise and adventure in amazing environments. The BMC recognises these activities involve a risk of personal injury or death. Participants should be aware of and accept these risks and be responsible for their own actions and involvement.” Cited for that, and for nothing about technique.

Supports: safety · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

British Mountaineering Council

The governing body for climbing, hill walking and mountaineering in England and Wales. Cited for the grade definitions and for the comparative seriousness of scrambling against roped climbing, both of which are its own framing rather than ours.

Where: Definition, the three grades, and the comparative risk statement

What checking found: Read directly. The definition places scrambling as "the middle ground between walking and climbing", noting that "all scrambles require a degree of rock climbing as both hands and feet are being used". The three British grades are described in terms of what protection each implies: grade 1 is "essentially an exposed walking route" that "can typically be attempted without ropes and protection"; grade 2 scrambles "blur the line between scrambling and rock climbing, usually including sections where a nervous scrambler would want a rope", where "the use of protection (climbing gear) becomes more advisable"; grade 3 routes "often appear in climbing guides as ‘Moderately’ graded climbing routes (the easiest climbing grade), and should only be tackled by the confident", with "use of the rope … to be expected for several sections". The most consequential sentence inverts the intuition most beginners hold: scrambling "can be actually be more serious than rock climbing, particularly in the higher grades, mainly because people typically attempt it with less protection or none at all" — quoted here with the source’s own wording error intact rather than silently tidied.

Supports: technique, safety, convention · stable · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

British Mountaineering Council

The BMC’s indoor climbing hub. Cited to point a reader at instruction rather than to substitute for it.

What checking found: Upgraded from read-partial in Sprint 9 after re-reading. It is cited for the proposition that the BMC publishes indoor climbing instruction, and it establishes that directly: introductory articles on starting indoors, grades and moving from indoor to outdoor, plus links to instruction on rope attachment, belaying and assisted braking devices, partner checks, autobelay checks, route reading and board training, a climbing wall safety resource set, and the NICAS progression schemes. It is a hub rather than a single document, which is the correct shape for what we cite it for and not a deficiency in it.

Supports: safety, technique · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

British Orienteering Federation

The national governing body: colour-coded course structure, technical difficulty grading, event formats and participation guidance.

What checking found: Upgraded from read-partial in Sprint 9, together with a citation fix that was the actual defect. Re-read and confirmed as the national governing body’s landing page: find an event, results, find a club, membership and a newcomers route, and nothing whatever about colour-coded courses or technical difficulty. It was previously cited on the colour-course section, which it does not support, and that citation has been removed — the course detail is cited from the federation’s jargon and newcomers pages, read separately. What remains is the citation it does support: that British Orienteering is the governing body and the route to events and clubs.

Supports: rules, convention, safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

British Orienteering Federation

The governing body’s own glossary — the page that actually defines the colour courses, the TD1–TD5 grading and the safety role of download.

Where: Standard courses; technical difficulty; download

What checking found: Read, and it carries the detail the federation’s landing page does not. The colour courses in the federation’s own words: White “easy and short; all on paths or tracks”, Yellow “slightly less easy, and a little longer”, Orange “not all on paths, and longer again”, Light green “navigation skills needed; longer again”, Green “the shortest technically difficult course”, Blue “technically difficult, medium length”, Brown “technically difficult and long”, Black “even more so (only found infrequently)”. On grading: “Courses are graded from TD 1 (easiest) to TD 5 (hardest). Green, Blue and Brown courses should all be TD 5. Orange and Red courses should be TD 3.” And on the finish: after an event using electronic punching “you must go to Download to register the fact that you are back safely”, which is the safety function we describe rather than an administrative one. It also states that map colours “carry different meanings from Ordnance Survey maps” and that white indicates trees.

Supports: rules, convention, safety, technical · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

British Orienteering Federation

Same publisher as the jargon glossary, so one evidence voice rather than two — this closes a read gap rather than adding corroboration, and the record says so.

Where: What the colours mean

What checking found: Read directly in Sprint 23 to close the half of the map-colour claim that had been unconfirmed since Sprint 3. The federation states it in its own words: yellow is “used for unwooded areas with a solid yellow for grassy spaces such as playing fields and a paler yellow for rougher terrain (‘rough open’) such as heather”, and white and green are “used to depict the density of woodland and the extent to which it impedes progress. Open ‘runnable’ woodland is left white with progressively darker shades of green mean increased density.” That is both halves of the inversion we describe — yellow for open ground and white for runnable forest — from a source actually opened. The rest is recorded for completeness: black is “used for most man-made features such as buildings and rock features such as cliffs, crags and boulders”, brown “to show landform, including contour lines, gullies, pits and knolls”, and blue “for water features such as lakes, ponds, marshes and streams”.

Supports: technical, convention · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-18 · read 2026-08-18 · HTTP 200

British Orienteering Federation

The federation’s newcomer guidance, corroborating the beginner colour courses and the leg-cover requirement.

What checking found: Read. Confirms the beginner end of the colour system independently of the glossary: White, Yellow and Orange are “designed for complete beginners. These courses are usually short (up to 2.5K in length) with checkpoints (orange and white flags) on paths or visible from the path”, while “Green, blue, brown, and black courses get harder and longer and are only recommended if you have some experience.” It also states that full leg cover is compulsory at woodland and forest events. Notably it does not discourage going alone — “you can go individually or in a very small group” — so we do not claim that it does.

Supports: rules, convention · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

British Triathlon

The transition rules, read from the governing body’s own PDF. The reason triathlon technique came out STATIC_SUITABLE where three sibling questions did not.

Where: Sections 3.2, 3.3, 3.6, 4.2, 4.4, 5.4 and 5.5; Section 7.1, Transition Area, sub-rules a to u

What checking found: Read directly, as the PDF, and it settled the Sprint 18 technique-format question for this subject. Section 7.1.a: "All competitors must have their helmet securely fastened from the time they remove their bike from the rack before the start of the bike leg, until after they have placed their bike on the rack after the finish of the bike leg." 7.1.p, the converse and the one first-timers are penalised for: "The helmet strap must remain unfastened in the Transition Area while the competitor is completing the first segment." 7.1.h: "Cycling is not permitted inside the Transition Area. Mount and dismount lines are part of the transition area." 7.1.i and 7.1.j require mounting after the mount line and dismounting before the dismount line, in each case "by having one complete foot contact with the ground". 7.1.k: in transition "the bike can be pushed only by the competitor’s hands". 7.1.c.i requires equipment to be placed "within 0.5m of their racking position in transition, or within the width of the bike handlebars". 7.1.o forbids marking a position and states that "Wetsuits or other items of clothing hung over racking is classed as marking". Cited on the triathlon transitions guide for each of these. **Re-read in Mega Programme 40–42 against the current edition, which the document’s own footer dates “updated February 2026”.** The Sprint 18 transition quotations were checked against it and all still stand. The re-read was to source the triathlon page’s own rules section, and four further areas were read in full. Drafting, 5.4.c.)(iv): “The bicycle draft zone will be 12 metres long measured from the leading edge of the front wheel. A competitor may enter the draft zone, but must be seen to be progressing through that zone. A maximum of 25 seconds will be allowed to pass through the zone of another competitor.” 5.4.c.)(vi): “A competitor is passed when another competitor’s front wheel is ahead of theirs”, and an overtaken competitor “must drop out of the draft zone of the passing competitor by continuously making rearward progress”. Penalties, 3.3.e.)(i), the drafting scale in full: “3 minutes in long distance races”, “2 minutes in middle distance races”, “1 minutes in standard distance races” (the singular is in the original), “30 seconds in sprint or shorter distance races”; and 3.6.a.)(x)–(xi), which make it a disqualification at “two drafting violations” in a draft-illegal sprint or standard race and “three” in a middle or long one. 3.2.d.) lists what draws a verbal warning rather than a penalty where it can be rectified, including illegal equipment and “Littering on the course unless disposed of in specified littering zones provided by the Event Organiser”. Wetsuits, 4.2.a.), read from the table: mandatory below 15.9°C at every distance and age; forbidden above 22°C for swims up to 1500m for ages up to and including 59, and above 24.6°C for age 60 and above and for all ages at 1501m and above. 4.4.a.): “At temperatures below 11°C open water swimming in competition cannot take place”, with 4.4.b.) capping the swim at 1000m at 13°C, 600m at 12°C and 300m at 11°C, and 4.4.e.) requiring the temperature to be taken “one hour prior to the start” at “the middle and two other areas on the swim course, at a depth of 60cm”. **Version caution stands and is now demonstrated rather than asserted:** the edition previously cited here was June 2022 and had been superseded. The pages that rest on this send a competitor to the current edition and to their own race briefing.

Supports: rules · changes often · checked 2026-08-22 · read 2026-08-22 · HTTP 200

Bureau of Land Management (U.S. Department of the Interior)

The counterweight to the Scottish example. Together the two show that overnight access is set by very different mechanisms in different countries — a statutory public right in one, a land-manager permission regime in the other — which is the point the bikepacking access section makes rather than either being the world’s rule.

Where: Camping on Public Lands — dispersed camping conditions and the instruction to check locally

What checking found: Read directly. The federal land manager’s own guidance for the largest public-land estate in the United States. States that most BLM land allows dispersed camping unless an area is posted closed or carries specific restrictions, that stays are generally limited to fourteen days in any twenty-eight, and — repeatedly — that limits and rules vary by state and field office and must be verified with the local office. Cited for exactly two things: that a permissive dispersed-camping regime exists on public land in the United States, and that its detail is set locally rather than nationally. Nothing about any specific forest, district or route is taken from it, and it is not cited as evidence about any other country.

Supports: convention · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-24 · read 2026-08-24 · HTTP 200

Cairngorms National Park Authority

The National Park Authority for the Cairngorms.

Where: Visiting — things to do

What checking found: Read directly. The statutory authority’s own visitor pages. Cited for orientation and as the place a reader should go for anything current in the park; no condition, closure or route information is taken from it, because that is exactly the material a static page must not reproduce.

Supports: convention · changes often · checked 2026-08-21 · read 2026-08-21 · HTTP 200

Canal & River Trust

The licensing regime for the inland waterways the Trust manages, cited for the comparison against coastal cruising, where no equivalent licence exists and competence rather than certification is the gate.

What checking found: Read. The requirement is universal and is stated as such: "All types and sizes of boats with or without a motor need a licence." The page is explicit that this reaches unpowered craft as well — "canoes, kayaks, dinghies, rowing boats, paddleboards and even light inflatable craft" — which is the part most often missed by people who assume a licence is a motor-boat matter. Two prerequisites are named rather than implied: "Before you buy a boat licence, you’ll need a valid BSS certificate or exemption", and the reader is told to "Make sure you have the appropriate insurance before licensing your boat". The home-mooring question reaches the licence itself: "you can only buy a three-month licence if you have a home mooring". Continuous cruising is signposted as its own topic and its conditions are not on this page, so this source is cited for the licence, safety-certificate and insurance requirements and not for what continuous cruising demands.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-21 · read 2026-08-21 · HTTP 200

CITES Secretariat

Registered as the unreachable primary behind the Dalbergia claim on the luthiery page.

What checking found: The primary source for the Dalbergia annotation, and it could not be read. cites.org returned 403 to every automated request made on 15 August 2026, including the CoP18 announcement and the taxonomy pages. Registered rather than quietly omitted, because the claim it would support is instead carried by a trade body restating it, and a reader is entitled to know that the page citing an international convention did not manage to open the convention. Retried in Sprint 23 at both the convention text and the appendices pages: both return HTTP 403 to automated requests, so the block is domain-wide. It remains registered as the unreachable primary behind the Dalbergia claim, which is carried by the GOV.UK guidance that was read.

Supports: legal · stable · checked 2026-08-15 · HTTP 403

Department for Culture, Media and Sport

Official statistics on engagement with arts, heritage and cultural activity in England. Registered alongside Active Lives as the source to use if we begin quoting participation figures. Nothing on the site quotes one.

What checking found: Read, and it produced a finding that changes the record: the Participation Survey has concluded. Fieldwork ran from October 2021 to September 2025, covering adults aged 16 and over in England, and it has been replaced by the Community and Engagement Survey following a 2024 consultation. Page last updated 23 September 2025. Retained as the historical reference for its period; if we ever quote current participation data it must come from the successor survey, not this one.

Supports: market · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

England Karate

The English governing body for karate as it describes itself, and the constituent organisations it brings together.

Where: About / member organisations

What checking found: Read directly, and read carefully because the obvious overclaim was available. The site describes England Karate as the English governing body for karate, existing to bring English karate organisations under one umbrella, and names FEKO, the Karate Union of Great Britain, Karate Sport England and the Amateur Martial Association as member bodies. It does not state that it is recognised by Sport England, and our page therefore does not say so either — it reports what the body says about itself, attributed.

Supports: convention, rules · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

Eryri National Park Authority

The National Park Authority for Eryri, formerly published in English as Snowdonia.

Where: Authority home page and the visitor sections it indexes

What checking found: Read directly. The statutory authority for the national park, published bilingually under its Welsh name. Cited for orientation and as the destination for anything current; nothing about conditions or the difficulty of any ground is taken from it.

Supports: convention · changes often · checked 2026-08-21 · read 2026-08-21 · HTTP 200

Fell Runners Association

The Association’s own statement of principle. Cited for the sport’s deliberate minimalism rather than for any rule.

Where: Fell Running Principles, quoted on the Association’s front page

What checking found: Read. The governing body leads its own site with a statement of what the sport is for, attributed to Peter Knott, FRA Chairman 1979–1982: "…let us spend as much time as we can afford running on the fells with a minimum of rules and regulations commensurate with safety and fair competition". Cited on the fell running page because it is the clearest available statement of the deliberate minimalism that separates this sport from the rest of British athletics, and because a governing body choosing to put that sentence above its own membership pitch is itself the evidence.

Supports: convention, history · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

Fell Runners Association

The governing body’s conditions of entry, read as the PDF. The document that explains why fell running is a navigation sport with running attached rather than the other way round.

Where: Rules 1, 3, 5 and 9; Table 1 and Notes 1–3

What checking found: Downloaded and read in full as a PDF, version dated 2026-11-22. It is the governing body’s own conditions of entry — runners “will be expected to have read them, and to agree to comply with the requirements, as a condition of entry” — and it carries almost everything distinctive about the sport. Categorisation: races are “categorised as A (hardest) to C (milder) on the basis of the amount of climb, and long (L), medium (M) or short (S) on the basis of distance”, with further designations ‘experience required’ (ER), ‘navigational skills required’ (NS) and ‘local knowledge an advantage’ (LK). Navigation is the runner’s job and the reason is stated bluntly: “Most serious incidents (and almost all fatalities) in races have occurred when runners have left the route, so having good navigation skills is essential”, and “Most race routes are not flagged except at critical points such as the start and finish and part of the challenge of fell racing is to find the optimum route between the compulsory checkpoints.” The GPS prohibition is unusually strict and is quoted because it surprises everybody: “All FRA races strictly prohibit the use of electronic devices with GPS capability for the purposes of navigation”, distance, time, speed and altitude display is allowed, and if such a device is used for navigation “even momentarily for repositioning – then you must retire from the race and declare yourself non-competitive to the race organiser”. Note 3 adds that “Maps must be physical (not electronic) and compasses must be traditional (non-electronic) type.” The FRA Mandatory Minimum Kit, mandatory for all AL, AM and BL races, is “waterproof whole body cover (with taped seams and integrated attached hood), hat, gloves, map of the route, compass (see Note 3), whistle and emergency food”, and “The Race Organiser may check your kit at any time and will disqualify you if you fail to comply with the requirements.” The retirement rule is called the golden rule in the document: a runner who does not start or does not finish “must report to the Race Organiser at the finish”, and “It is not sufficient to announce your retirement to a marshal on the course or to another runner.” And on hypothermia: “Hypothermia is dangerous and has been the cause of several deaths in fell running.” Cited for the categorisation, the kit requirement, the GPS rule, the retirement rule and the hypothermia statement. No running technique is taken from it because it contains none.

Supports: rules, safety, equipment · changes often · checked 2026-08-19 · read 2026-08-19 · HTTP 200

Forestry England / Forestry Commission

The byelaws governing conduct on the nation’s forests, including removal of plants and materials.

What checking found: Replaced the Forestry England home page with the byelaws themselves, which is where the prohibition actually sits. Made under the Forestry Act 1967, the byelaws prohibit removing plants and materials including soil, turf, leafmould, moss and peat from Commission land. This supports the narrower and more accurate claim on our whittling page that cutting or taking wood on Forestry England land is prohibited without permission — as distinct from the general law of theft, which is cited separately.

Supports: legal, convention · stable · checked 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

Geocaching HQ (Groundspeak)

The platform’s own definition of the difficulty and terrain rating scales, including terrain 1 as wheelchair accessible.

What checking found: Read, and it confirms both ratings we cite. Terrain 1: “The hike is less than 0.5 mile (0.8 km) and wheelchair accessible (attribute required). Most likely paved and flat.” Terrain 5: “Requires specialized equipment such as scuba gear, a boat, rock climbing gear, or similar.” Both difficulty and terrain run on a five-star scale. The Sprint 2 hedge on terrain 5 — that we could not confirm the specialist-equipment wording — is resolved: the wording is there.

Supports: rules, convention · changes often · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

Grand National Archery Society (Archery GB)

The national governing body for archery in Great Britain: club affiliation, beginners’ courses, shooting rules and range safety requirements.

What checking found: The site returns HTTP 403 to automated requests, including with a browser user agent, so it could not be read for verification. It is a real and current national governing body and the site is reachable in an ordinary browser, but we have not confirmed any specific passage. Claims that depend on it — the structure of beginners’ courses and range command protocol — are therefore also supported by material we could read, and are flagged in the evidence register. Retried in Sprint 23: still HTTP 403 to automated requests. The block is bot-protection on the governing body’s site rather than a dead link, and nothing on this site rests on it — it carries no claims and is registered as the correct body to point a reader at.

Supports: rules, safety, convention · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-13 · HTTP 403

Health and Safety Executive

The regulator’s guide to respirable crystalline silica, naming clay explicitly among the materials that produce it.

Where: INDG463, 2024 edition

What checking found: Read directly. Confirms that cutting, sanding or carving materials including clay produces respirable crystalline silica, that RCS is too fine to see in normal lighting, and that it causes lung disease. The 2024 edition is current. The detailed control measures sit in the linked PDF rather than on the landing page, which is why the dry-sweeping guidance is cited separately.

Supports: safety, technical · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-13 · read 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

Health and Safety Executive

The specific basis for wet cleaning rather than sweeping, and for the class of extraction unit required.

Where: Cleaning up

What checking found: Read directly, and it is more specific than we were. HSE states plainly: "Avoid dry sweeping where possible because this can be high risk", noting that dry brushing can produce silica exposures of 1–2 mg/m³ against a workplace exposure limit of 0.1 mg/m³. Recommended alternatives are damping down with water, and for finer material a vacuum fitted to an H or M class extraction unit. Our pottery page said "a vacuum with a suitable filter", which has been corrected to name the M or H class specification.

Supports: safety, technical · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-13 · read 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

Health and Safety Executive

HSE guidance written for the ceramics industry specifically, covering the operations a studio potter actually performs.

Where: CR0 (managers), CR1 (glaze and colour preparation), CR2 (casting), CR3 (fettling), CR4 (kiln loading and unloading), CR5 (spraying)

What checking found: Read directly. A ceramics-specific COSHH guidance series covering glaze preparation, casting, fettling, kiln loading and spraying — considerably better matched to pottery than the general construction-oriented material we had been citing. Page dated 2024-08-14.

Supports: safety, technical · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-13 · read 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

Health and Safety Executive

Written for vehicle bodyshops rather than for hobbyists, and cited only for the health effects of the substance, which do not depend on the industry. The duties in the surrounding guidance fall on employers and create none in a home workshop, which is the same scoping used for COSHH and wood dust elsewhere on this site.

What checking found: Read directly during the launch sprint to settle a claim the prop making page had been carrying unsupported. Four things are stated plainly. On causation: "using isocyanates is one of the main causes of occupational asthma reported in the UK" — stronger than the "recognised cause" our page claimed. On re-exposure: "once people are affected, even very low exposure levels can trigger an attack." On route, and this is the part we had missed entirely: "skin contact with isocyanates may cause dermatitis and may also trigger respiratory sensitisation", so gloves are protecting the lungs and not only the hands. And on existing conditions: the spray mist "may also worsen existing asthma". What the page does not say, anywhere, is that sensitisation is permanent. It says most affected workers have to leave the industry, which is a statement about consequence rather than about physiology.

Supports: safety · stable · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

Health and Safety Executive

The general mechanism, cited alongside the isocyanate-specific page so that the page can distinguish becoming sensitised from developing asthma — a distinction our earlier wording collapsed.

What checking found: Read for the sensitisation mechanism itself rather than for isocyanates. Substances "can cause a change in people’s airways, known as the ‘hypersensitive state’", and then: "not everyone who becomes sensitised goes on to get asthma. But once the lungs become hypersensitive, further exposure to the substance, even at quite low levels, may trigger an attack." Both halves of that sentence matter and our page had only the second. Sensitisation is not the same event as asthma, and the regulator is careful to say the trigger "may" happen rather than that it does.

Supports: safety · stable · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

Health and Safety Executive

Cited for the material connection only — that isocyanates are used in polyurethane foams, coatings and adhesives. Which specific product contains them is a question only its safety data sheet can answer, which is what the page tells the reader to read.

Where: The substance list entry for isocyanates

What checking found: Read to establish the link between isocyanates and the materials a prop maker actually buys, which our page had been asserting on its own authority. The regulator’s list of substances that can cause occupational asthma carries isocyanates described as "widely used in manufacture of polyurethane foams, plastics, coatings, varnish, two-pack paints and adhesives". Polyurethane foam, coatings and adhesives are exactly the prop making materials in question, so the connection is the regulator’s rather than ours.

Supports: safety · stable · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

Health and Safety Executive

The regulatory framework behind glaze and chemical handling, including working from a safety data sheet.

What checking found: Read, and it supports the general duty only. COSHH is a workplace regime: the page speaks throughout of employers, workplaces and industries, and places its duties on employers rather than on individuals. It says nothing about resin, fumes or ventilation specifically. It is therefore the right authority for the principle that substances hazardous to health must be assessed and controlled from their safety data sheet, and it is not authority for what a hobbyist at a kitchen table must do. Page dated 2025-10-14. Sprint 23 re-read it and followed it down one level, which corrected a small imprecision in this record: the landing page itself says only that "Regulations require employers to plan, manage and monitor the substances hazardous to health", and the safety-data-sheet instruction this source is cited for is on the assessment sub-page, which states "Identify which substances are harmful by reading the product labels and safety data sheets (SDS). If in doubt, contact your supplier." Both were read. It stays read-partial, and the reason is unchanged and is not that anything is unread: the workplace-to-hobby transfer is ours rather than the regulator’s, and that gap is the whole of what "partial" means here.

Supports: safety, legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

Health and Safety Executive

Occupational guidance rather than craft guidance — the nearest regulator statement to the whittling knife advice.

What checking found: Read, and it supports the instruction without supporting the explanation. HSE lists “Keep knives sharp” among the ways to minimise the risk of injury, which is a regulator endorsing the practice we recommend. It does not say a blunt knife is more dangerous than a sharp one, and it gives no reasoning about force. So the page may now cite a regulator for “keep it sharp”, and the mechanism behind it stays craft consensus rather than being dressed up as a sourced finding.

Supports: safety, convention · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

Health and Safety Executive

The workplace noise regime. Cited on the music production page as a calibrated reference point for how loud is too loud for how long, explicitly not as a duty falling on a hobbyist.

Where: Exposure action values and limit values

What checking found: Read. The Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 set a lower exposure action value of 80 dB(A) daily or weekly average, at which employers must assess the risk and provide information and training; an upper exposure action value of 85 dB(A), at which hearing protection and hearing protection zones become mandatory; and an exposure limit value of 87 dB(A), above which workers must not be exposed, taking account of any reduction from hearing protection. Note what it is: an occupational regime placing duties on employers, which is not the same thing as a rule for somebody mixing in a bedroom.

Supports: safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

Health and Safety Executive

The regulator’s statement of wood dust exposure limits and the health effects they exist to prevent.

Where: Workplace exposure limits; health effects

What checking found: Read directly. The workplace exposure limits are 3mg/m³ for hardwood dust and 5mg/m³ for softwood dust, each as an eight-hour time-weighted average, with the stricter hardwood limit applying to mixtures. On health effects it states that wood dust can cause asthma, that carpenters and joiners are four times more likely to develop it than other UK workers, and that hardwood dust can cause cancer, particularly of the nose. It also sets out the control expectations — extraction, examined by a competent person at intervals, and health surveillance. The CNC page quotes the limits and the health effects and is explicit that this is a workplace regime which creates no duty in a home workshop, which is the same scoping already used for COSHH on the pottery and dyeing pages.

Supports: safety, technical · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

Health and Safety Executive

The regulator’s position on hand-held abrasive on a rotating machine — the single most consequential habit in amateur machining.

Where: Whole page

What checking found: Read directly. Three statements were taken verbatim: "Every year there are serious accidents involving the use of emery cloth on metalworking lathes, resulting in injuries such as broken bones, dislocations, lacerations, amputations and occasionally death"; "Accidents occur when hand-held emery cloth is entangled in the rotating parts of the machine or where the emery cloth is snagged on the rotating component dragging the operator into the danger zone"; and "It is never acceptable to apply emery cloth directly by hand on a rotating CNC or manual metal working machine." The page is written for workplaces rather than home workshops and the machining page says so where it cites it.

Supports: safety · stable · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

Health and Safety Executive

Cited for the ventilation-before-PPE framing only. Deliberately not cited for any exposure figure.

Where: Control equipment; controlling procedures

What checking found: Read, and it supports the framing rather than a rule. The regulator lists control through "using control equipment, eg total enclosure, partial enclosure, LEV", notes that control equipment "can be general ventilation, extraction systems such as local exhaust ventilation", and puts personal protective equipment among the options rather than first. It does not use the phrase "last resort", so the wood finishing page says engineering controls come before protective equipment and attributes only the ordering it can see, rather than quoting a hierarchy the page does not state. Filed read-partial for that reason. This is a workplace regime being applied to a hobby workshop, which the page makes explicit rather than eliding.

Supports: safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

Health and Safety Executive

The regulator on solder fume as a sensitiser, and the three controls that transfer to a hobby bench.

Where: The hazard; control measures for solderers

What checking found: Read directly. The regulator states that "rosin based solder flux fume is produced when soldering" and that "this fume is a top cause of occupational asthma", and gives controls in plain terms: "use fume extraction", "keep your head out of the plume of solder fume", "never overheat the soldering iron", and that a soldering booth is best while on-tip extraction "blocks up swiftly and needs frequent cleaning". Cited on the robotics page for the hazard and for those three controls. No workplace exposure limit is reproduced: the figures exist and are a workplace compliance instrument, and printing them on a hobby page would invite somebody to assess a kitchen table against them.

Supports: safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

HM Revenue & Customs

HMRC’s own guidance on who must be approved, independent of the primary legislation.

Where: Section 4 — who needs approval

What checking found: Read, and it is the administrative counterpart to the Finance Act exemption: you do not need producer approval if you “only produce alcoholic products (excluding spirits) that are for your own domestic use”. Two things follow that our page needed. Spirits are excluded from the exemption in terms, so domestic distilling is not covered by it at any scale. And since 1 February 2025 the approval is an Alcoholic Products Producer Approval, which replaced the older registration and licensing regime under the Alcoholic Liquor Duties Act 1979 — so guidance still describing a distiller’s licence is out of date.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

International Padel Federation (FIP)

Court dimensions, scoring, service rules and the conditions under which the walls are in play.

Where: Rules of Padel (2026), court and service rules

What checking found: Court dimensions of 20m × 10m and a net 88cm at the centre rising to 92cm at the posts were confirmed against published FIP rule summaries. The verification also produced a correction: the FIP service rule specifies contact at or below the iliac crest, not "waist height" as we had written, and the padel page now says so.

Supports: rules, equipment · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

International Table Tennis Federation

The laws of table tennis: table, net, ball and service.

Where: Law 2.01 (the table), 2.02 (the net assembly), 2.03 (the ball), 2.06 (the service)

What checking found: Table dimensions confirmed as 2.74m × 1.525m with the playing surface 76cm above the floor, the net 15.25cm high, and the ball 40mm. The service law requires the ball to be projected near-vertically upwards at least 16cm from a stationary open palm — a specific figure that separates a legal service from the casual toss used in recreational play, and one worth stating because almost no club player knows it.

Supports: rules, equipment · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-13

Lake District National Park Authority

The National Park Authority for the Lake District.

Where: Explore — places to go and things to do

What checking found: Read directly. The statutory authority’s visitor section, which describes the park as over nine hundred square miles and indexes places and activities. Cited for orientation only.

Supports: convention · changes often · checked 2026-08-21 · read 2026-08-21 · HTTP 200

Lawn Tennis Association

The LTA is the recognised national governing body for padel in Great Britain and publishes the domestic rules, venue and competition information.

What checking found: Replaced the generic LTA padel landing page with the LTA’s own rules page, which is the passage our claims actually rest on. Confirms the LTA as the national governing body for padel in Great Britain and sets out scoring, serving, wall play and faults.

Supports: rules, convention, market · changes often · checked 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government

The building regulations guidance on domestic electrical work. Read in full for the notifiable-work list, which Sprint 4 cited only the existence of.

Where: Section 2, paras 2.2–2.6; regulation 12(6A) as reproduced

What checking found: Sprint 5 read the document itself rather than the publication page that indexes it, which is what the Sprint 4 record said was outstanding. Paragraph 2.5 reproduces regulation 12(6A): notification is required where the work consists of "(a) the installation of a new circuit; (b) the replacement of a consumer unit; or (c) any addition or alteration to existing circuits in a special location", and "special location" is defined dimensionally around a bath or shower and as a room containing a swimming pool or sauna heater. Paragraph 2.2 sets the scope, which reaches outbuildings — "sheds, detached garages and domestic greenhouses" — and that is the part that matters for a hobby page, because a layout in a garage or a shed sharing the house supply is inside Part P rather than outside it.

Supports: legal, safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

Motorsport UK

The governing body’s own rulebook chapter. The reason a road rally is a regulated event rather than a drive, and the source of the 30mph ceiling that defines the discipline.

Where: Section 2.9 average speeds; 7.3 noise; 1.3 permits; 3.4 regional notice; definitions 2.1 and 4.1

What checking found: Read directly as the PDF, and it answers the questions a beginner actually has about whether this is legal. The definitions first: a Road Rally is "a Rally in which Competition on the Public Highway does not qualify for an alternative category and in which marking for maintaining a time schedule forms a substantial part of the Competition", and a Navigational Rally is "a Rally designed to test the navigational skill of the crew". On speed, 2.9 states that no schedule "must be imposed which requires or encourages Competitors while using a highway open to the public to achieve an average speed between any two points that exceeds" 30mph on highways other than motorways, dropping to 20mph on minor roads under 4m wide in daylight hours, 20mph on neutral sections, and 25mph for vehicles subject to a lower statutory limit; 2.10 adds that "there must be no bonus for exceeding the specified average". On noise, 7.3 prohibits any vehicle reading over 98dB(A) from starting. On authorisation, 1.3 requires an ASN permit for all events before they run, and 3.4 requires regional associations to be advised "at least two months before all Road Rallies including Navigation and Historic Road Rallies". The community-facing constraints are equally explicit: controls must be sited at least 500m from occupied houses without written approval, occupiers of adjacent land must be advised, and difficult-navigation sections must avoid busy morning and evening hours unless the average is 20mph or less. Cited on the navigational rallying page for the permit regime, the speed ceilings and the noise limit. No competitor is told how to drive anything. **Re-read in Mega Programme 43–45 against the 2026 rulebook, Edition 3.** The source-freshness sweep found the citation resting on NCR 2025 v5 while Motorsport UK had moved through to a 2026 edition — the rulebook is reissued annually and renumbered through the year, so a chapter PDF stays reachable long after it stops being the rules anybody competes under. Every article quoted above was located again in the 2026 edition and every one of them holds in the same words: App.2 art. 2.9 with the 30mph ceiling and the 20mph, 20mph and 25mph qualifications, art. 2.10’s “There must be no bonus for exceeding the specified average”, App.1 art. 7.3’s 98dB(A) bar on starting, art. 1.3’s “The ASN Permit must be obtained for all Events before they are run”, art. 3.4’s two months’ notice to regional associations, and art. 2.19’s 500m from occupied houses. Two details the 2026 reading adds, neither of which affects what the page says: the 98dB(A) figure is the road-rally limit and 7.3 permits 100dB(A) in Special Stage Rallies, which is a different discipline from the one this page covers; and the 30mph ceiling for Special Tests rises to 40mph for Endurance Road Rallies, which the navigational rallying page does not describe and does not need to. Nothing on the page required correction.

Supports: rules, safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

Mountaineering Scotland

The governing body’s reading of what access rights mean in practice on the hill.

Where: Rights and responsibilities — access rights, and the camping section within it

What checking found: Read directly. The representative body for hill walkers and climbers in Scotland, whose access pages carry a rights-and-responsibilities structure with camping treated as its own topic. Cited for the framework rather than for any location.

Supports: convention · stable · checked 2026-08-21 · read 2026-08-21 · HTTP 200

Mountaineering Scotland

The representative body for mountaineering in Scotland, on why experience is not a substitute for training and a forecast.

Where: Avalanches; avalanche awareness

What checking found: Read directly, and it is the source that decided how the ski touring page is written. The representative body states that “each year people are injured or die as a result of avalanche in the Scottish mountains”, that “avalanches can happen to you”, and — the line the page is built around — that “experience in itself is no antidote to avalanches” and “the avalanche does not know you are an expert!”. It also states that “many of these accidents would have been avoidable, given greater awareness of the hazards”, and points readers at avalanche awareness training, the Be Avalanche Aware material and the SAIS forecast. That combination is why the page publishes no terrain judgement of any kind: the body that owns this subject says the answer is training and the daily forecast, not a rule of thumb somebody read once.

Supports: safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

National Council for Metal Detecting

The representative body’s code of conduct: permission, designated sites, treasure reporting and finds recording.

Where: Code of Conduct

What checking found: Read directly, and it produced a correction. The Code requires detectorists to obtain permission before venturing on to any land, and states that it is illegal to detect on a designated area — scheduled monuments, SSSIs or Ministry of Defence property — without permission from the appropriate authority. It does *not* require permission to be in writing; that is convention rather than a rule, and our page now says so. It also notes that mandatory reporting of finds to the Portable Antiquities Scheme is a condition of most agri-environment agreements.

Supports: convention, legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-13 · read 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

Natural England and Natural Resources Wales

Official guidance on access, gates, dogs, fires and leaving no trace in the English and Welsh countryside.

Where: Publication page and linked visitor guidance

What checking found: Read directly. Published jointly by Natural England and Natural Resources Wales — not by Defra, which is how we had attributed it, and the record has been corrected. Most recently updated 26 May 2023, when links to the Marine and Coastal Wildlife Code were added; the visitor guidance itself was revised on 1 April 2021.

Supports: legal, convention, safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-13 · read 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

NatureScot

The statutory access guidance for Scotland, and the reason the Scottish position differs from the England-and-Wales one.

Where: The Act and the Access Code — landing page and the sections it indexes

What checking found: Read directly. NatureScot’s own site for the Scottish Outdoor Access Code, which is the statutory guidance made under the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003. The page frames access as rights exercised responsibly and indexes the Code for visitors and for land managers separately; the National Access Forum is described as NatureScot-established and advising on national access issues. Cited for the access framework only — nothing about conditions, closures or the suitability of any particular ground is taken from it.

Supports: convention · stable · checked 2026-08-21 · read 2026-08-21 · HTTP 200

NHS

The 200mg pregnancy limit, the instant-coffee anchor, and the espresso figure the NHS pointedly does not give.

Where: Caffeine — daily limit and the figures given for common drinks

What checking found: Read directly. The NHS states that in pregnancy "you should not have more than 200mg of caffeine a day" and that "Having too much caffeine has been linked to a higher chance of miscarriage and stillbirth". Its worked figures are 100mg for a cup of instant coffee — with the note that "filter coffee and coffee bought from coffee shops can contain more" — 75mg for a cup of tea and 80mg for a 250ml can of energy drink. The material absence matters as much as the presence: it publishes no figure for espresso, so the home espresso page reproduces the limit and the instant-coffee anchor and explicitly declines to convert them into a shot count, because dose, grind and extraction all move that number and an invented figure would be worse than none.

Supports: safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

Ofcom

The conditions under which a radio module may be used in the UK without a licence. Cited for the existence and shape of the duty, and for the four bands hobby projects actually use.

Where: Foreword; section 2; table entries IR2030/1/10, /1/15, /1/22, /1/33 and IR2030/7/1

What checking found: Downloaded and read as the PDF, the edition published 7 April 2026. The foreword states the duty that most hobbyists do not know exists: "It is required by the Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006 that no radio equipment is installed or used in the UK except under the authority of a licence granted by or otherwise exempted by regulations made by Ofcom. It is a condition of such a licence or exemption regulations as appropriate that, in order to be installed or used in the UK, the equipment must meet the minimum requirements specified in this UK Interface Requirement for the stated equipment types and for the stated frequency bands." Four band entries were read directly from the tables because they are the ones a microcontroller project actually lands in. IR2030/1/15: non-specific short range devices at 868–869.7 MHz, 25 mW e.r.p. IR2030/1/22: 2400–2483.5 MHz at 10 mW e.i.r.p. for non-specific use, with IR2030/7/1 allowing 100 mW for wideband data in the same band — which is the entry Wi-Fi and Bluetooth modules sit under. IR2030/1/10: 433.05 MHz at 10 mW e.r.p. with a duty cycle limit. And IR2030/1/33: 915–918 MHz at 25 mW e.r.p. with a duty cycle limit and a channel bandwidth condition. That last one is the correction to a claim that circulates widely in maker communities: the 915 MHz region is **not** simply unavailable in the UK, but the exemption covers 915–918 MHz at 25 mW with a duty cycle, which is a narrower slice at lower power than the 902–928 MHz a module shipped on a North American profile will use. Nothing about antenna construction, home-built transmitters or amateur radio licensing is taken from this document, none of which it covers.

Supports: legal, technical · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-22 · read 2026-08-22 · HTTP 200

Office for Product Safety and Standards (Department for Business and Trade)

The regulator’s own guidance for people putting cosmetics on the GB market. Cited for the shape of the obligations at orientation level; every specific requirement is left to it rather than reproduced here, because the annexes and the service both change.

Where: Responsible Person; Product Information File; notification; labelling; prohibited and restricted substances

What checking found: Read directly, and it is the practical companion to the Regulation. It states that the guidance covers products “available to a member of the public in Great Britain … includes products that are sold or given away (for example, free samples)”. A responsible person “must have a UK established address”, and that address “does not include mail forwarding or PO box addresses”. The Product Information File “contains information on how safe a cosmetic product is for human health”, includes the safety assessment and good manufacturing practice details, and “must be kept for 10 years after the last batch”. Before a product is made available the responsible person must submit information to OPSS through the Submit cosmetic product notifications service. Labelling must carry the name and address of the responsible person, weight or volume, date of minimum durability or period after opening, precautions for use, batch number, the product function and the ingredients. Substances may be prohibited or restricted, colourants, preservatives and UV filters may only be used where listed in the relevant annexes, and use of CMRs is banned.

Supports: legal, convention · changes often · checked 2026-08-19 · read 2026-08-19 · HTTP 200

Pickleball England

The national body for pickleball in England: affiliated clubs and domestic competition structure.

What checking found: Reachable and confirmed as the national body for pickleball in England, publishing affiliated club listings and domestic competition structure. Cited for the existence and role of the body rather than for a rule, which is the level the landing page supports.

Supports: convention, market · changes often · checked 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

Planning Portal (UK Government and Welsh Government)

The permitted development limits for outbuildings, quoted exactly. England and Wales only.

Where: Permitted development limits for outbuildings

What checking found: Read directly, from the government-backed planning service for England and Wales, which makes it the right authority for what permitted development allows. The limits are quoted rather than paraphrased because a rounded figure here is the difference between a lawful building and an enforcement notice: outbuildings must be "single storey with maximum eaves height of 2.5 metres and maximum overall height of four metres with a dual pitched roof or three metres for any other roof"; there is a "Maximum height of 2.5 metres in the case of a building, enclosure or container within two metres of a boundary of the curtilage of the dwellinghouse"; "No more than half the area of land around the ‘original house’ would be covered by additions or other buildings"; and "No outbuilding on land forward of a wall forming the principal elevation". On designated land it is stricter still — in "National Parks, the Broads, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty and World Heritage Sites" the area covered by buildings more than 20 metres from the house is "limited to 10 square metres", and on designated land anything at the side of a property "will require planning permission". Within the curtilage of a listed building, "any outbuilding will require planning permission". Cited on the shed building page for exactly these limits. It is England and Wales guidance; Scotland and Northern Ireland have separate regimes, which the page states. Re-read in Sprint 24 for the treehouse page, and it carries one further condition that had not been quoted and that matters enormously for that subject: “No verandas, balconies or raised platforms (a platform must not exceed 0.3 metres in height)”. A treehouse is a raised platform by construction, so the permitted development route that covers a garden shed does not obviously extend to one. The page states that as what the condition says rather than as a conclusion about any particular structure, because whether a given build is permitted development is a question of fact for the local planning authority. Treehouses are not mentioned anywhere on this source, which is itself worth recording.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-17 · read 2026-08-17 · HTTP 200

Professional Disc Golf Association

The rules of play, including lie, stance, the putting area and penalty throws.

Where: 806.01 Putting Area

What checking found: Rule 806.01 confirmed from PDGA’s own rules pages: the putting area is the circle of 10 metre radius from the base of the target, and after releasing a putt from inside it a player must demonstrate full control of balance behind the marker before advancing, with a stance violation and one penalty throw otherwise. This is the rule our disc golf page describes as the falling putt.

Supports: rules · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

Professional Disc Golf Association

The courtesy rule, which in disc golf is an enforceable rule with penalty throws rather than an etiquette note. Cited for the culture as much as for the rules.

Where: Rule 812, Courtesy

What checking found: Read directly. Unusual among sports codes in that the etiquette *is* a rule with a penalty attached rather than an appendix of good manners, which is the point worth making about disc golf culture. The prohibitions, in the rule’s own words, are to throw where "the throw might injure someone or distract another player", to throw "out of order without consent or when it would impact another player", and to "Engage in distracting or unsportsmanlike actions such as: Shouting (unless warning someone at risk of being struck by a disc), Cursing, Striking, kicking, or throwing park, course, or player equipment, Moving or talking while another player is throwing, Advancing beyond the away player". Also prohibited: leaving equipment "where it may distract other players or interfere with a thrown disc", littering "including cigarette butts", and allowing "their smoke to disturb other players". The positive duties are the half that describes the culture rather than polices it: a player must help "to find a lost disc", move equipment when asked, keep score properly, and "Watch the other members of the group throw in order to ensure rules compliance and to help find discs". Enforcement is graduated — "A player receives a warning for the first violation of any courtesy rule", one penalty throw for each subsequent one, and repeated violations "may result in disqualification by the Tournament Director" — and a violation "may be called or confirmed by any affected player", not only by an official. The page carries its own last-updated stamp of 31 December 2025.

Supports: rules, convention · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

Royal Yachting Association

The governing body on the equipment that keeps a separated rider and board together.

Where: Wing leashes; board leashes; buoyancy aids and impact vests; pre-launch checks

What checking found: Read directly. The national governing body states that "leashes will keep both your board and wing attached to you so that they can’t float away", that "choosing a coiled leash, rather than a straight leash, can help prevent excess length getting caught under your feet or around the foil", and that a rider should "choose and fit a buoyancy aid or impact vest to keep yourself afloat and protect your torso". It also directs a check of "wear and tear to the leash" before going afloat. Cited on the wing foiling page for the two attachment points and for the coiled-leash reasoning, which is a foil-specific hazard rather than general watersports advice.

Supports: safety, equipment · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

Royal Yachting Association

Cited for the pre-launch check. Deliberately not cited for offshore wind, which it does not cover.

Where: Before you go

What checking found: Read, and it supports less than was wanted. It says "before you go check the weather forecast and get regular updates if you are planning to be out for any length of time" and "check the anticipated currents and tidal predictions for your trip and ensure that they fit with what you are planning to do". It does not address offshore wind specifically, which is the hazard the wing foiling page most needed an authority for. So the page cites this for the forecast-and-tides discipline only, and treats the offshore-wind warning as the convention it is — stated as a limit on where to learn rather than as a sourced instruction.

Supports: safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

Royal Yachting Association

The governing body on whether a qualification is legally required. The answer for UK waters is no, which is a legal fact and emphatically not a recommendation — the page says so in terms.

Where: Whether evidence of competence is mandatory; where an ICC is needed

What checking found: Read directly at the national governing body, and it settles a question almost every new cruiser asks and most sources answer vaguely. On the UK position: “Providing your boat is used as a ‘pleasure vessel’, is UK flagged and less than either 24m LOA or 80GT, then evidence of competence isn’t mandatory in the UK.” On when that changes: “But when you venture further afield, this can change, and the ICC is the only international evidence of competence that exists for pleasure boaters venturing abroad from the UK.” On where: “Very generally, an ICC is recommended for the inland waterways of Europe, and inland and coastal waters of Mediterranean countries. For the coastal waters of Northern Europe an ICC generally isn’t required. But there are exceptions.” And the caveat the RYA puts in its own words rather than ours: “it’s up to you to check the ICC is acceptable to the authorities in the country you’re visiting.” Cited for the legal position on competence and for nothing about how to sail.

Supports: legal, rules · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-19 · read 2026-08-19 · HTTP 200

scottishathletics

The requirement that a licensed British road race hold a course measurement certificate before its licence is granted, and the ten-year validity of a measurement.

Where: Course measurement requirements for licensed road races

What checking found: Read directly. A licensed road race held over an advertised specific distance must hold a certificate of course measurement issued by the Association of UK Course Measurers, the certificate is submitted with the event licence application, and the licence is not approved until it has been received. Measurements remain valid for ten years where the course is unchanged, with certificates specific to the listed race dates. Multi-terrain events, which cannot be measured by the standard procedure, may apply for a statement of course measurement instead. Cited from a national governing body rather than from the measurers’ association because the association’s own lesson pages have moved domain and returned 404 at the checked URL.

Supports: rules · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

Sport England

The official measure of sport and physical activity participation in England. Registered as the source to use when we begin quoting participation figures; we do not quote any yet.

What checking found: Read. Confirmed as Sport England’s participation measure for England only, covering adults aged 16 and over and children aged 5–16, published annually in April and December respectively, and still running — the most recent releases are the November 2024–25 adult report and the 2024–25 academic year children’s report. No figure from it is quoted anywhere on the site.

Supports: market · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

The National Archives (legislation.gov.uk)

The primary legislation behind the knife-carrying rules, rather than a summary of it.

Where: s.139(1)–(5)

What checking found: Read on the statute itself rather than on guidance about it. “Any person who has an article to which this section applies with him in a public place shall be guilty of an offence.” The section applies to “any article which has a blade or is sharply pointed except a folding pocketknife”, and a folding pocketknife is brought back within it if “the cutting edge of its blade exceeds 3 inches”. The defences are “good reason or lawful authority”, with work, religious observance and national dress named specifically. This is an independent second source for the knife-carrying claim, which previously rested on gov.uk guidance alone.

Supports: legal · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

The National Archives (legislation.gov.uk)

The section itself, read at clause level, for the Schedule 1 disturbance offence.

Where: s.1(5)

What checking found: Read. Section 1(5) in full: “if any person intentionally or recklessly—(a) disturbs any wild bird included in Schedule 1 while it is building a nest or is in, on or near a nest containing eggs or young; or (b) disturbs dependent young of such a bird, he shall be guilty of an offence.” Note the two limbs and the mental element — the offence is not simply “disturbing a rare bird”, and the page wording now follows the statute.

Supports: legal · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

The National Archives (legislation.gov.uk)

The reporting duty at clause level, separate from the definition in section 1.

Where: s.8(1)–(3)

What checking found: Read. “A person who finds an object which he believes or has reasonable grounds for believing is treasure must notify the coroner for the district in which the object was found before the end of the notice period.” The notice period is fourteen days beginning with the day after the find or the day the finder first believes it to be treasure, whichever is later — so the clock can start later than the day of discovery, which our page did not previously make clear. Failure is punishable by up to three months’ imprisonment, a fine at level 5, or both, subject to a reasonable-excuse defence.

Supports: legal · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

The National Archives (legislation.gov.uk)

The interpretation section, which is where inland water is brought inside Scottish access rights.

Where: s.32, interpretation of “land”

What checking found: Read. This is the clause that makes the Scottish position on swimming different rather than merely more relaxed. “Land” for the purposes of statutory access rights “includes—(a) bridges and other structures built on or over land; (b) inland waters; (c) canals; and (d) the foreshore”, and inland waters are defined as “any inland, non-tidal loch, river (to the extent that it is non-tidal), lake or reservoir, whether natural or artificial”. Section 1 establishes the right itself. So access rights in Scotland reach the water, which is exactly what is absent in England and Wales.

Supports: legal · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

The National Archives (legislation.gov.uk)

The lighting regulations themselves, read at regulation level. Fitting and use are separate duties and the exemptions matter.

Where: reg. 18; reg. 24 and reg. 24(9)

What checking found: Read across two regulations, because they do different jobs and citing only one would misstate the position. Regulation 18 is the fitting requirement: “every vehicle of a class specified in a Table in Schedule 1 shall be fitted with lamps, reflectors, rear markings and devices” of the specified types — it says what must be on the bicycle, not when it must be lit. Regulation 24 is the use requirement, that the lamps a vehicle is required to be fitted with are “kept lit and unobscured” during darkness. Regulation 24(9) carries pedal cycle exemptions, including a cycle “waiting to proceed provided it is kept to the left-hand or near side edge of a carriageway”, and a cycle being pushed along the edge of the road. The detailed list of what a pedal cycle must carry sits in Schedule 1, which we did not extract, so the page describes the duty and points at the regulations rather than reciting a specification.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

The National Archives (legislation.gov.uk)

The interpretation section of the principal firearms statute. Cited for what a firearm is, in order to say what a bow is not.

Where: s.57(1) (definition of "firearm")

What checking found: Read directly. Section 57(1) defines a firearm as “(a) a lethal barrelled weapon (see subsection (1B)); (b) a prohibited weapon; (c) a relevant component part in relation to a lethal barrelled weapon or a prohibited weapon”. Every limb of the definition is anchored either to a barrel or to the section 5 prohibited list, which is what makes it usable for the negative claim on the archery page.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

The National Archives (legislation.gov.uk)

The prohibited-weapons list. Cited to establish that bows are not on it.

Where: s.5(1) and s.5(1A)

What checking found: Read directly, and read for absence rather than presence — which is the only way a negative claim can be established at all. The prohibited list covers automatic firearms, self-loading and pump-action rifles and smooth-bore guns, short firearms, smooth-bore revolvers, rocket launchers and mortars, gas-cartridge air weapons, weapons for discharging noxious substances, bump stocks and various categories of ammunition. Bows of any description appear nowhere in either subsection.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

The National Archives (legislation.gov.uk)

The certificate requirement itself. Shotguns and some air weapons sit outside this section.

Where: Section 1 — the certificate requirement and the offence

What checking found: Read directly. The section provides that "It is an offence for a person to have in his possession, or to purchase or acquire, a firearm to which this section applies without holding a firearm certificate in force at the time", and applies the same requirement to ammunition, including exceeding the quantities a certificate authorises. Breaching a condition attached to a certificate is itself an offence. Shotguns and certain air weapons are outside this section and are dealt with separately — shotguns under their own certificate regime, which is why the two certificates are different things rather than two names for one. Cited on the target shooting page for the certificate requirement and the offence, and deliberately not for the application process, the "good reason" test or club probationary arrangements, none of which this section contains.

Supports: legal · stable · checked 2026-08-18 · read 2026-08-18 · HTTP 200

The National Archives (legislation.gov.uk)

The current approval requirement, replacing the repealed 1979 distiller’s licence. Cited for the requirement, not for penalties.

Where: Section 82 — approval requirement for producers of alcoholic products

What checking found: Read directly, and it is the current provision rather than the one everybody quotes. Section 82 provides that a person may not produce alcoholic products on premises without either the Commissioners’ approval or an exemption under sections 84 or 85, and that "The Commissioners may approve a person under this section only if they are satisfied that the person is a fit and proper person to produce alcoholic products." It came into force on 1 February 2025 by S.I. 2025/96. The reason this matters is that the older regime — the distiller’s licence under section 12 of the Alcoholic Liquor Duties Act 1979 — was repealed on 1 August 2023 by this same Act, so a very large amount of published guidance describes a licence that no longer exists. Cited for the approval requirement itself and for nothing about penalties, which this section does not state.

Supports: legal · stable · checked 2026-08-17 · read 2026-08-17 · HTTP 200

The National Archives (legislation.gov.uk)

The whole answer in one subsection: personal-use production is exempt, and spirits are excluded from the exemption.

Where: Section 84 in full

What checking found: Read in full, and it is short enough to quote entirely: "For the purposes of section 82(1)(b), a person is exempt from the approval requirement if— (a) the person produces alcoholic products only for the person’s own domestic use, and (b) the alcoholic products are not spirits." That single subsection settles the whole question. Home brewing and winemaking for your own use are exempt from approval; distilling spirits is carved out of the exemption by paragraph (b), so it needs approval under section 82 and has no personal-use route. Cited on the home distilling decision for exactly that, and it is also the provision that explains why home brewing has never needed anything and home distilling always has.

Supports: legal · stable · checked 2026-08-17 · read 2026-08-17 · HTTP 200

The National Archives (legislation.gov.uk)

Never engrave through a hallmark. Cited for the mark and for the consent route, not for whether an inscription is an alteration.

Where: Section 5(1)–(6), as enacted

What checking found: Read in full as enacted. Section 5(2) provides that "it shall be an offence for any person to remove, alter or deface any mark struck on an article, except in accordance with the written consent of an assay office", and defines "mark" to include "a sponsor’s mark, any approved hallmark, the word “filled”, the word “metal”". Section 5(1) makes it an offence "to make an addition, alteration or repair to an article bearing approved hallmarks, except in accordance with the written consent of an assay office", subject to exceptions in (3) to (5) — battering for remanufacture, small additions of matching metal within stated weight limits, and thin coatings. Section 5(6) allows an assay office to require re-assay as a condition of consent. Cited on the hand engraving page for the mark itself and for the existence of the consent route, and deliberately not cited for whether an ordinary inscription counts as an alteration under 5(1): the statute does not say, trade practice treats inscriptions as routine, and the page directs the reader to the assay office rather than resolving a question the source leaves open. The enacted text was read; the Act has been amended since, so it is cited for these provisions and not as a consolidated statement of current law.

Supports: legal · stable · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

The National Archives (legislation.gov.uk)

The statutory scope point: the hazardous waste regime does not apply to domestic waste. Not cited for drain discharge.

Where: Regulation 12 — general application of Parts 4 to 11

What checking found: Read in full, and it is the provision that settles the question the film photography page is about. Regulation 12(2) states: "Except as provided in regulations 13 (application to asbestos waste) and 14 (application to separately collected fractions), these Regulations do not apply to domestic waste." That is the reason the silver-recovery and consignment-note machinery everyone reads about is a duty on businesses rather than on a household — the regime that creates it does not reach domestic waste at all, with asbestos and separately collected fractions as the two named exceptions. Cited on the film photography page for exactly that scope point and for nothing else. It is deliberately not cited for what a household may put down a drain, which is a different regime — discharge to sewer — and which this instrument does not address. The as-made text was read; the regulations have been amended since, including in 2009, and the page does not present the instrument as a current consolidated statement of the law.

Supports: legal · stable · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

The National Archives (legislation.gov.uk)

The Regulation on its own scope. The reason the regulatory boundary in this craft is commercial activity rather than the exchange of money, which is the distinction almost every hobbyist account of it gets wrong in one direction or the other.

Where: Article 2(1)(a) “cosmetic product”; 2(1)(g) “making available on the market”; 2(1)(h) “placing on the market”

What checking found: Read on the assimilated Great Britain version of the Regulation, and it corrected our own page rather than confirming it. A cosmetic product is “any substance or mixture intended to be placed in contact with the external parts of the human body … with a view exclusively or mainly to cleaning them, perfuming them, changing their appearance, protecting them, keeping them in good condition or correcting body odours”. The decisive definition is the next one: making available on the market is “any supply of a cosmetic product for distribution, consumption or use on the market of Great Britain in the course of a commercial activity, whether in return for payment or free of charge”. The load-bearing words are *in the course of a commercial activity*. Free of charge is caught, but only inside a commercial activity — so a free sample at a stall is caught and a tin given to a friend outside any commercial activity is not. The balm and cosmetics page written in Sprint 25 said a tin handed to a colleague sat in the same regulated space as one sold, which is wrong, and it has been corrected.

Supports: legal · stable · checked 2026-08-19 · read 2026-08-19 · HTTP 200

The National Archives (legislation.gov.uk)

The article that makes the responsible person the pivot of the whole regime, and that names who it lands on by default — which for a hobbyist selling their own work is themselves.

Where: Article 4(1)–(6)

What checking found: Read. “A cosmetic product may not be placed on the market unless there is a responsible person established in the United Kingdom in respect of the cosmetic product.” The role falls on the manufacturer where they are UK-established, on the importer where the product is imported, or on a distributor who places a product under their own name or trademark or modifies one already on the market; it may also be delegated by written mandate, which the delegate must accept in writing. Cited for the existence and placement of the duty, not for how to discharge it.

Supports: legal · stable · checked 2026-08-19 · read 2026-08-19 · HTTP 200

The National Archives (legislation.gov.uk)

Why a home maker cannot self-certify a formulation: the assessment is a defined document made by a defined professional, not a judgement the maker is permitted to form.

Where: Article 10(1)–(2)

What checking found: Read, and it is the article that settles why this is not a weekend task. Before a product is placed on the market the responsible person must ensure it “has undergone a safety assessment on the basis of the relevant information” and that a cosmetic product safety report is established in accordance with Annex I. The assessment must consider the intended use and “the anticipated systemic exposure to individual ingredients in a final formulation”, use an appropriate weight-of-evidence approach across all existing sources, and be kept up to date after the product is on the market. Article 10(2) requires the assessor to hold “a diploma or other evidence of formal qualifications awarded on completion of a university course of theoretical and practical study in pharmacy, toxicology, medicine or a similar discipline”, or a recognised equivalent. Cited for the existence of the requirement and the qualification bar, which is the fact a hobbyist most needs and is least likely to be told.

Supports: legal · stable · checked 2026-08-19 · read 2026-08-19 · HTTP 200

The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom

The final appellate ruling on whether the Dartmoor access right includes wild camping. Cited because Dartmoor is the exception that makes the rest of the English position legible.

Where: Judgment of 21 May 2025; s.10(1) Dartmoor Commons Act 1985

What checking found: Read at the court’s own case page, which sets out the question, the provision and the outcome. Section 10(1) of the Dartmoor Commons Act 1985 provides that “the public shall have a right of access to the commons on foot and on horseback for the purpose of open-air recreation”, and the question was whether that includes camping overnight. It does: the Court of Appeal was upheld unanimously by Lord Reed, Lord Sales, Lord Stephens, Lady Rose and Lady Simler, and the appellants’ claim for a declaration to the contrary was rejected. Worth noting for anybody re-checking this later that the High Court reached the opposite conclusion in January 2023 — a great deal of writing published between then and May 2025 is confidently wrong.

Supports: legal · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

Trail Running Association

The licensing body for English trail racing. Cited for what a race licence does and does not mean.

What checking found: Read. The delegation is stated plainly — "Under UK Athletics Rules the management of Trail Running is delegated to the TRA" — and so is the limit of what a licence is: "there is no legal requirement for a race to have a licence", while "having an approved race licence demonstrates to competitors and insurers that the race is promoted to governing body standards". That pair is why the licence question is worth a runner’s attention at all: an unlicensed trail race is legal, common and not thereby disreputable, but it is outside the rules the runner may be assuming. Two specific requirements were taken from it: age limits by race distance "must be included on the event website", and "UK Athletics rules also require that running with dogs is not permitted", which surprises people arriving from informal trail events. Public liability insurance is "strongly recommend[ed]" rather than required for a licence, and that is quoted as the recommendation it is rather than upgraded to a rule.

Supports: rules · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-22 · read 2026-08-22 · HTTP 200

UK Athletics

The UK rulebook for trail racing, and the source of the marked-course rule that separates trail from fell. Read alongside the FRA Runners’ Rules rather than instead of them: they are two governing bodies with two positions, not one body corroborating itself.

Where: Part VIII rules 7.1 to 7.9; CR1 (6) Trail Races; TR57 S1

What checking found: Downloaded and read as the PDF, 3.1 MB, the edition operative from 1 April 2026. It settles the one thing about trail racing that is not obvious and is routinely got wrong. Rule 7.1: "All courses must be marked in such a way that no navigation skills are required by the athlete, and that the route is easy to follow at all times by the fastest runners." That is the formal opposite of the Fell Runners Association position on the same question, and it is why the two are separate disciplines rather than a difficulty ladder. Rule 7.1 also sets the surface limit for international events — paved sections "should be kept to a minimum and not exceed 25% of the total length" — carrying a UKA note that it "does not apply to UK Domestic Trail Competitions", which is quoted because a reader who finds the 25% figure elsewhere will otherwise apply it to a local race where it does not hold. Rule 7.2 places a reachability duty on the organiser: "Organisers must ensure that, in all but exceptional circumstances, any part of the course can be reached within 30 minutes of a distress call." Rule 7.3 is the authority for mandatory kit being an organiser decision rather than a standing rule — the organiser "may recommend or impose mandatory equipment, such as minimum clothing, wind jackets, headlamps, water, food, etc., due to the conditions expected to be encountered during the race". Rule 7.4 lists what a race must publish in advance, including "any cut off times", "Course marking criteria" and "Regulations regarding external assistance including personal support at aid stations and via running pacers". Rule 7.6 gives the grounds for disqualification, including leaving the marked course "thereby shortening the distance to be covered" and receiving "any form of assistance such as pacing (unless the race explicitly allows this), or refreshments outside of the official aid stations". Rule 7.9 reproduces the ITRA km-effort calculation: "Distance: each 1km = 1 km-effort, Elevation gain: each 100m of vertical gain = 1 km-effort", worked through as "a race of 65km and 3500m of elevation gain is: 65 + 3500/100 = 100 km effort", banded into difficulty points 0 to 6. CR1 (6) is the licensing rule: "Competition Providers of Trail Races must obtain a UK Athletics race licence. They are available from the Trail Running Association (TRA) or the appropriate HCAF", together with the Additional Unattached Entry Fee that non-members pay. No running technique is taken from it, because it contains none.

Supports: rules · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-22 · read 2026-08-22 · HTTP 200

UK Civil Aviation Authority

The consolidated code. Dated March 2026 and the CAA tells readers to check online for the latest version, so the date matters more here than for most sources.

Where: Whole document, March 2026 edition. Points 1–9, the registration table on p.5, the Open sub-category table on p.8, and the observer and FPV provisions on p.12

What checking found: Read directly as a PDF rather than summarised from the website, because the website splits this material across a dozen pages and the Sprint 26 deferral was caused by exactly that fragmentation. This is the CAA’s own consolidated code, dated March 2026, and it settles every figure this catalogue needed. Registration: “You must get a Flyer ID if you want to fly a drone or model aircraft that weighs 100g or above”, and an Operator ID is required for anything that “weighs 250g or above” or “weighs 100g or above and has a camera”; below 100g neither is required, a Flyer ID is recommended, and “You must be 18 or over to get an Operator ID”. Height: “Your drone or model aircraft must never be more than 120m (400ft) from the closest point of the earth’s surface”, with an explicit note that flying over ground that rises means adjusting the flight path. Distance: a 50m minimum horizontal distance from people that the Code describes as a no-fly cylinder rising to the height limit, 150m from residential, recreational, commercial and industrial areas, and a flat prohibition on flying over crowds “no matter what size of drone or model aircraft you have”. The Open sub-categories and their distances are tabulated on p.8, including the A2 figures of 30m from uninvolved people and 5m in low-speed mode. Class marks: new models placed on the market from 1 January 2026 must carry a UK class mark from UK0 to UK6, and a European C class mark may be flown as the corresponding UK class “until 31 December 2027”. Cited for the legal framework only, and for nothing about how to fly.

Supports: legal, safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-18 · read 2026-08-18 · HTTP 200

UK Civil Aviation Authority

Two independent CAA statements of the same rule — this page and CAP2320 p.12 — which is unusually good for a provision this load-bearing.

Where: The whole page — the observer requirement and the BVLOS statement

What checking found: Read directly, and it is the single provision the whole subject turns on. “If you want to fly using First Person View, you must have an observer with you when you fly.” The observer’s duty is specified rather than implied: at all times at least one of the two must “be able to keep your drone or model aircraft in direct sight and be able to see your drone or model aircraft clearly enough that you can tell which way it’s facing” and must “have a full view of the surrounding airspace”. On qualifications: “The observer does not need to have a Flyer ID or other Remote Pilot qualification, but you must tell them what to look out for.” And the sentence that disposes of the commonest misunderstanding in the hobby: “Using FPV equipment does not mean you can fly Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) in the Open Category.” CAP2320 p.12 carries the same rule in the Code itself, and p.11 makes the reason explicit by listing “electronic viewing equipment, such as a smart phone, tablet or video goggles” among the things that do not satisfy the direct-sight requirement — which is precisely why goggles create the need for a second pair of eyes rather than replacing them.

Supports: legal, safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-18 · read 2026-08-18 · HTTP 200

UK Civil Aviation Authority

Corroborates CAP2320 on the figures and adds the flight restriction zone statement.

Where: Height limit, distances, and flight restriction zones

What checking found: Read directly, and cited for the airspace half rather than the distances, which CAP2320 states more fully. The load-bearing sentence is on aerodromes: “Most airports, airfields and spaceports have a Flight Restriction Zone (FRZ). Never fly in this zone unless you have permission from the airport, airfield or spaceport.” It repeats the 120m (400ft) height limit and the 50m and 150m distances in the same words the Code uses, which is what makes it usable as a corroborating read rather than a second version of the rule.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-18 · read 2026-08-18 · HTTP 200

UK Government

The law on carrying knives in public, including the folding-blade exemption and what counts as a good reason.

Where: Carrying knives

What checking found: Read directly. It is an offence to carry most knives in public without good reason. The folding pocket knife exemption requires both a blade no longer than 3 inches and that the knife is non-locking. Examples of good reason given are use for work, religious purposes and national costume. Our page said "under three inches"; the guidance says "no longer than 3 inches", and the page has been corrected.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-13 · read 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

UK Government (APHA / GOV.UK)

The free CITES musical instrument certificate for non-commercial cross-border movement.

Where: Musical instrument certificate

What checking found: Read directly, and it supports only part of what the page needs. It confirms that where a CITES specimen is a musical instrument and the movement is not for commercial purposes, a musical instrument certificate may be applied for instead of repeated permits, and that there is no fee for one. It does not address rosewood, Dalbergia or the Annotation 15 exemption at all, so it cannot carry the central claim and is cited only for the certificate.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

UK Government (DEFRA / GOV.UK)

The UK prohibition on dealing in ivory, its five covered species, and the exact date and percentage thresholds of each exemption.

Where: Exemption categories and registration

What checking found: Read directly and it carries every figure the antique collecting page states. Dealing is defined broadly — buying, selling, hiring out, advertising, displaying for sale, keeping for sale, and arranging or facilitating any of those. The Act came into force on 6 June 2022 and now covers five species: elephant, hippopotamus, killer whale, narwhal and sperm whale. The registrable exemptions are a musical instrument made before 1975 with less than 20% ivory by volume; an item made before 3 March 1947 with less than 10% ivory by volume where all the ivory is integral; a portrait miniature made before 1918 with a total surface area no greater than 320 square centimetres; and sale or hire to a qualifying museum. A separate exemption certificate covers items made before 1918 of outstandingly high artistic, cultural or historic value. Cited for the thresholds themselves, which is the part the trade gets wrong most often.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

UK Government (Department for Transport)

The road position rules, read from the code itself. The reason road cycling technique came out STATIC_SUITABLE for the part that is a rule.

Where: Rules 59, 60, 66, 72 and 73 — visibility, lighting, two abreast, road positioning, junctions

What checking found: Read directly, and it settled the Sprint 19 technique decision for this subject. Rule 66 states that "you can ride two abreast and it can be safer to do so, particularly in larger groups or when accompanying children or less experienced riders", and advises riders to "be aware of drivers behind you and allow them to overtake (for example, by moving into single file or stopping) when you feel it is safe to let them do so". Rule 72 gives the two positions directly: ride "in the centre of your lane, to make yourself as clearly visible as possible" on quieter roads, moving left when faster traffic approaches; and on busier roads with faster traffic keep "at least 0.5 metres away, and further where it is safer, from the kerb edge". Rule 73 extends the centre-of-lane position to junctions "where you feel able to do this safely". Cited on the road cycling page for road position and for riding two abreast, which are the two things club riders are most often told they are doing wrongly and are in fact doing as the code describes. Note that the Highway Code mixes advisory and mandatory language and that these rules use "should" and "can" rather than "must"; the page reflects that rather than presenting guidance as law. Extended in Sprint 20 for the recumbent cycling page, which needed the one rule here that *is* mandatory. Rule 60, in the Code’s own emphasis: "At night your cycle MUST have white front and red rear lights lit. It MUST also be fitted with a red rear reflector (and amber pedal reflectors, if manufactured after 1/10/85)", on the authority of the Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations 13, 18 and 24. Rule 59 sits beside it and is advisory — light or fluorescent clothing "can help other road users to see you in daylight and poor light". A second record was written for that page and then merged into this one: it is the same document at the same URL, and two source records for one document is how a citation quietly loses its provenance. The Code says nothing about recumbents at all, and that page states as much rather than implying its flag and daytime-light advice is regulated.

Supports: rules, safety, legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

UK Government (DVLA)

What each driving licence category permits, including the weight thresholds that decide whether a converted van is drivable on an ordinary licence.

Where: Category B; Category C1

What checking found: Read directly. A category B entitlement obtained on or after 1 January 1997 covers petrol and diesel vehicles up to 3,500kg maximum authorised mass, with a higher 4,250kg allowance for electric and hydrogen vehicles; drivers who held category B before 1 January 1997 have a broader vehicle-and-trailer entitlement up to 8,250kg MAM. Category C1 covers vehicles between 3,500kg and 7,500kg MAM with a trailer up to 750kg. These are the figures the campervan page quotes.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

UK Government (DVLA)

The DVLA route for changing a converted vehicle’s recorded body type to motor caravan, and the form it is applied for on.

Where: Converting a vehicle into a motor caravan (motor home) — external and internal features

What checking found: Upgraded from read-partial in Sprint 9, because the guidance document behind the publication page was reached and read and it carries the feature list the landing page only referred to. External: two or more windows on at least one side of the main body, a separate door giving access to the living accommodation, motor caravan-style graphics on both sides, an awning bar attached to either side, and a high-top roof — which the guidance expressly says does not include a pop-top elevating roof. Internal, all rigidly fixed except the table: seats and a table, sleeping accommodation which may be converted from the seats, cooking facilities, and storage. It states these derive from the type approval requirements for motor caravans, and that photographic evidence of both interior and exterior must accompany the application. The campervan page previously declined to reproduce any of this and now states it.

Supports: legal · changes often · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

UK Government (DVSA)

The official definition of maximum authorised mass and the related weight terms found on a vehicle plate.

Where: Maximum authorised mass

What checking found: Read directly. Maximum authorised mass is defined as the weight of a vehicle or trailer including the maximum load that can be carried safely when it is being used on the road, and the guidance confirms that MAM is also called gross vehicle weight or permissible maximum weight and appears on the vehicle plate. It carries no numeric thresholds itself — those come from the driving licence categories guidance, which is cited separately rather than being folded into this one.

Supports: legal, technical · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

UK Government (GOV.UK)

The rod licence requirement, its age thresholds, and the boundary between a licence and permission to fish. Cited specifically for the jurisdiction split, because the England-and-Wales rule is routinely written up as though it were a UK rule.

What checking found: Read. "You must have a rod fishing licence for England and Wales if you’re fishing for salmon, trout, freshwater fish, smelt or eel with a rod and line." Children under 13 do not need one; 13 to 16 requires a junior licence, which is free. The page is explicit that the licence is not permission to fish: "you need permission from the land or fishery owner to fish in the area, as well as a rod fishing licence", usually in the form of a permit. The geography is equally explicit and is the part most often flattened — the licence covers England, Wales and the Border Esk, it does not cover the River Tweed, and "there are different rules for fishing in the rest of Scotland and Northern Ireland".

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

UK Government (Home Office)

The Home Office guide the statutory guidance defers to. Cited for the club exemption that lets a beginner shoot without a certificate, and for the good-reason requirement that applies once they want to own.

Where: 12.46–12.50 (target shooting as good reason); 17.2–17.5 (approved clubs)

What checking found: Downloaded and read as the PDF, 230 pages, and it settles the question the target shooting page had been sending readers to the police for. The statutory guidance for chief officers points to this non-statutory guide for "good reason" and for club arrangements, and both are here. **The fact that matters most to a beginner is 17.3**: members of a rifle, miniature rifle or muzzle-loading pistol club approved by the Secretary of State or the Scottish Ministers "may, without holding firearm certificates, have in their possession firearms and ammunition when engaged as members of the club in, or in connection with, target shooting (section 15(1) of the Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988 as amended by section 45 of the 1997 Act)", and the guide notes that "section 15(1) does not stipulate that the firearms must be club firearms". The limits on that exemption are equally explicit: 17.4, "Members may not purchase or acquire firearms or ammunition unless they have been granted firearm certificates and the exemption does not cover the use of firearms for purposes other than target shooting", with *R v Wilson* (1989) cited for the principle that possession "must only be in connection with the club’s activities, and does not give members a wider authority". On the certificate itself, 12.49: under section 44 of the 1997 Act "a person whose only reason for possessing a rifle or muzzle-loading pistol is for target shooting must be a member of a target shooting club approved by the Home Office or the Scottish Government Safer Communities Directorate", and "membership of a particular club will generally be the core of the applicant’s ‘good reason’". 12.46–12.47 name the governing bodies — British Shooting as the umbrella recognised by DCMS, with the NSRA, the Muzzle Loaders Association of Great Britain and the UKPSA holding responsibility for different disciplines, and sportscotland and the Scottish Target Shooting Federation in Scotland. 12.50: an applicant "should have access to appropriate ranges for the types of firearm concerned". Club approval itself is determined by the Secretary of State in England and Wales and by Scottish Ministers in Scotland (17.2).

Supports: legal, rules · changes often · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

UK Government (Home Office)

The approval criteria. Cited for the three-month probation, the supervision rule and the reason a club takes your details to the police before you have shot anything.

Where: Criteria 6–9, 18, 19; Note 4

What checking found: Read directly. The criteria a club must meet to hold Home Office approval, and therefore the source of several things a newcomer experiences as the club’s own preferences. Criterion 18: "before becoming a full member, individuals must have a probationary period of at least 3 months during which time they must attend and shoot regularly". Criterion 19: "until a probationary member has satisfactorily completed a course in the safe handling and use of firearms, he/she must be supervised at all times when in possession of firearms or ammunition". Note 4, which is the sentence that explains the whole timeline: "The police will not normally grant a certificate to somebody who is only a probationary member of a club." The administrative criteria are the other half of the experience: criterion 6 requires the club to keep "a register of the attendance of all members together with details for each visit of the firearms which they used", and criteria 7 to 9 require it to tell the police when a member leaves, when a certificate holder has not attended for twelve months, and when somebody new applies to join.

Supports: legal, convention · changes often · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

UK Government (Home Office)

Cited only for the plain certificate requirement and the naming of the governing Act. Read-partial: the substantive guidance is a separate document.

Where: The certificate requirement and the governing legislation

What checking found: Read, and filed read-partial because it is a landing page pointing at a much longer statutory guidance document rather than the guidance itself. Two things are stated plainly on it and are what the target shooting page uses: "You need a firearms certificate issued by the police to possess, buy or acquire a firearm or shotgun", and that "The possession of firearms and ammunition in Great Britain is regulated mainly by the Firearms Act 1968". What it does not contain, and what the page therefore does not attribute to it, is the "good reason" test, the club membership and probationary arrangements, or any part of the application procedure — all of which live in the Home Office guide it links to and none of which was read for this claim.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-18 · read 2026-08-18 · HTTP 200

UK Government (legislation.gov.uk)

The principal wildlife protection legislation in Great Britain, including the Schedule 1 species for which disturbance at or near the nest carries special penalties.

Where: Part I, s.1 (Protection of wild birds, their nests and eggs); Schedule 1, Part I

What checking found: Section 1 protects wild birds, their nests while in use or being built, and their eggs. Schedule 1 Part I ("Birds which are Protected by Special Penalties") was read directly and confirmed to include barn owl, kingfisher, red kite and avocet — the four species named on our birdwatching page. The text shown is up to date with changes in force on or before 13 August 2026.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-13 · read 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

UK Government (legislation.gov.uk)

Defines treasure in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and creates the legal duty to report a find.

Where: s.1 (Meaning of "treasure"); s.8 (Duty of finder to notify coroner)

What checking found: Section 1 read directly: treasure includes any object at least 300 years old when found whose metallic content is at least 10 per cent precious metal by weight, with separate thresholds for coins found together and a 200-year threshold for designated classes. Section 8 read directly: fourteen days, running from the day after the find or the day the finder first believed or had reason to believe the object was treasure, whichever is later; failure is an offence carrying up to three months’ imprisonment or a level 5 fine. Our page previously said "substantial precious-metal content", which has been corrected to the statutory 10 per cent by weight.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-13 · read 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

UK Government (legislation.gov.uk)

The statute that makes unauthorised metal detecting on a protected place a criminal offence. Cited in place of a regulator’s explainer because the offence is created here.

Where: s.42 (Restrictions on use of metal detectors)

What checking found: Read directly. Two separate offences: using a metal detector in a protected place without written consent (level 3 fine), and removing an object of archaeological or historical interest found by metal detector in a protected place without written consent (statutory maximum on summary conviction, or a fine on indictment). "Protected place" covers the site of a scheduled monument, monuments in the guardianship of the Secretary of State or the Commission, and areas of archaeological importance — broader than "scheduled monument" alone, which is how we had described it.

Supports: legal · stable · checked 2026-08-13 · read 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

UK Government (legislation.gov.uk)

The statutory position on taking things from land, including the express exemption for picking foliage from wild plants and the separate treatment of severing.

Where: s.4(2)–(4) (Property: land and things forming part of land)

What checking found: Read directly, and it materially qualified what we had published. Section 4(3) provides that a person who picks flowers, fruit or foliage from a plant growing wild does not steal it unless done for reward, sale or other commercial purpose, and "plant" expressly includes a shrub or tree. Section 4(2)(b) separately provides that a person not in possession of the land may steal something by severing it. Cutting a stick is therefore not straightforwardly theft in the way our whittling page asserted, and the page has been rewritten to set out the distinction rather than to state a conclusion.

Supports: legal · stable · checked 2026-08-13 · read 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

UK Government (legislation.gov.uk)

The current statutory basis for home brewing being lawful and home distilling not being.

Where: s.82 (approval requirement: producers); s.84 (exemption: production for personal consumption)

What checking found: Read directly, and it replaced a source that would have been wrong. The obvious citation for UK home-brewing law is the Alcoholic Liquor Duties Act 1979 — which was repealed on 1 August 2023 by the Finance (No. 2) Act 2023, so citing it would have meant quoting dead law. Under the current framework, section 82 requires approval to produce alcoholic products and section 84 exempts production for personal consumption, but only where, in the Act’s own words, "the alcoholic products are not spirits". Home brewing and winemaking for your own use therefore need no approval; distilling does, and that approval is not realistically available to an individual.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-13 · read 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

UK Government (legislation.gov.uk)

The statutory competence and approval requirements for gas fitting work in Great Britain, which are what the Gas Safe Register enforces.

Where: reg. 3(1) (competence); reg. 3(3) (approved class of persons); reg. 3(4) (exceptions)

What checking found: Read directly, and the reading materially changed how the page is worded. Two duties sit in the same regulation and they have different reach. Regulation 3(1) is general — no person may carry out work in relation to a gas fitting or gas storage vessel unless competent to do so — and there is no carve-out in it for somebody working on their own installation. Regulation 3(3) is narrower: it binds employers in respect of their employees and self-employed persons, requiring membership of a class of persons approved by the Health and Safety Executive, which is the statutory basis of the Gas Safe Register. Narrow exceptions in 3(4) cover replacing a hose or regulator on a portable or mobile space heater and replacing a hose connecting a refillable cylinder to installation pipework. Our first draft said flatly that a self-builder must be Gas Safe registered; that is not what the regulation says, and the page now states the competence duty and the registration duty separately.

Supports: legal, safety · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

UK Government (legislation.gov.uk)

The fire-safety regime for domestic upholstered furniture in the United Kingdom, including the pre-1950 exemption that reaches re-upholstery materials.

Where: Explanatory Note

What checking found: Read directly, and it carries the exemption the upholstery page turns on. The note states that the Regulations do not apply to goods for export, to the supply of goods made before 1 January 1950, or to the supply of materials intended for re-upholstering furniture made before that date. It also establishes the scope our page describes: the requirements cover new domestic furniture including garden furniture usable indoors and furniture for use in caravans, some requirements extended to second-hand furniture from 1 March 1993, filling materials must meet ignitability requirements, permanent covers must pass a match test subject to conditions, upholstery must pass a cigarette test, and display and permanent labels are required. Cited from the explanatory note rather than from a contents listing, because the note is where the scope and the exemptions are actually stated in one place.

Supports: legal, safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

UK Government (legislation.gov.uk)

The statutory welfare duty in England and Wales, expressed as five needs a responsible person must meet.

Where: s.9 (Duty of person responsible for animal to ensure welfare)

What checking found: Read directly. Section 9 places a positive duty on a person responsible for an animal to take such steps as are reasonable to ensure its needs are met to the extent required by good practice, and enumerates five: a suitable environment; a suitable diet; the ability to exhibit normal behaviour patterns; any need to be housed with or apart from other animals; and protection from pain, suffering, injury and disease. The dog training page quotes those five in the Act’s own terms. Note the framing that matters editorially: this is a duty to provide, not merely a prohibition on cruelty, which is why the page uses it as the frame around method rather than as a backstop against abuse.

Supports: legal · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

UK Government (legislation.gov.uk)

The classification of anabolic steroids as Class C controlled drugs in the United Kingdom.

Where: Schedule 2, Part III (Class C Drugs), paragraph 1(b) and 1(c)

What checking found: Read directly. Anabolic and androgenic steroids are listed in Part III of Schedule 2 — the Class C list — at paragraph 1(b), which names individual substances including boldenone, nandrolone, stanozolol and testosterone. Paragraph 1(c) adds a structural catch-all covering compounds "structurally derived from 17-hydroxyandrostan-3-one or from 17-hydroxyestran-3-one by modification" at enumerated ring positions, which brings in related steroids not named individually. Cited on the bodybuilding page for the classification only; the possession position is a separate question governed by the 2001 Regulations and is cited separately.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

UK Government (legislation.gov.uk)

The schedule that separates the possession position for anabolic steroids from the supply and production offences.

Where: Schedule 4, Part II heading

What checking found: Read directly, and the Part II heading is verbatim "CONTROLLED DRUGS EXCEPTED FROM THE PROHIBITION ON POSSESSION WHEN IN THE FORM OF A MEDICINAL PRODUCT", with anabolic steroids listed beneath it. Recorded as read-partial rather than read-supports because the schedule alone does not carry the operative regulation that creates the exception — that sits in the body of the Regulations, which this page does not reproduce and which was not read. The bodybuilding page therefore says that possession in medicinal form is treated differently from supply and states the limit of what was checked, rather than asserting the position in full.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

UK Government (legislation.gov.uk)

The practitioner exemption, read at the regulation. Explains why this is a craft a person may do for themselves and not a thing they may make for other people.

Where: Regulation 241 entire

What checking found: Read directly at the regulation, and it explains a thing about this subject that is otherwise baffling: why herbal remedies made by a practitioner are not simply on sale. Regulations 220 and 221 “do not apply to the sale or supply, or offer for sale or supply by a person (“A”) of a herbal medicinal product if—” four conditions are all met. The product must contain nothing from Part 1 of Schedule 20 and must respect the dose and concentration limits for anything in Part 2. The transaction must happen “on premises occupied by A and from which A can exclude the public”. And it must be for a specific person who has “requested by or on behalf of B and in B’s presence” that A “use A’s judgment as to the treatment required” — a one-to-one consultation, in person. The exemption is narrow and it is the whole reason the over-the-counter route does not exist. Cited for the existence and conditions of the exemption. Nothing on our page is supplied under it, because our page supplies nothing.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-19 · read 2026-08-19 · HTTP 200

UK Government (MHRA / GOV.UK)

The regulator on its own registration scheme. The reason a THR number is not evidence that something works, which is the misreading the herbal preparations page exists partly to correct.

Where: What a THR is granted for; the traditional-use evidence requirement

What checking found: Read directly, and it carries the single most useful fact available about the regulated end of this subject — one that a reader is very unlikely to meet anywhere else. A Traditional Herbal Registration is not a finding that a product works. The regulator requires the applicant to “show evidence that the herbal medicinal product has been traditionally used to treat the stated condition for a minimum of 30 years”, of which “at least 15 years of the 30 years of use must relate to use in the EU/EEA”, and the evidence supplied is “scientific evidence with your application relating to the safety, quality and traditional use of the herbal product”. Traditional use, safety and quality — not efficacy. The scope is bounded too: “A THR is only granted if the medicine is used for minor health conditions where medical supervision is not required (e.g. a cold)”, and “If your traditional herbal medicinal product claims to treat major health conditions, you need to apply for a marketing authorisation before you can place it on the market.” Cited for what the THR mark on a shelf does and does not mean. No efficacy claim is made or implied by citing it.

Supports: legal, convention · changes often · checked 2026-08-19 · read 2026-08-19 · HTTP 200

UK Government (MHRA / GOV.UK)

A live legal list rather than a pharmacology reference. It lets the page make a legal claim about specific plants without making a toxicity claim about any of them.

Where: The restriction framework and worked examples

What checking found: Read for the framework and for examples rather than exhaustively, which is why it is filed read-partial — it is “an alphabetical list of herbal ingredients which are subject to various restrictions in the UK” and the list itself is long and live. What was confirmed is the shape and three entries. The Medicines (Aristolochia and Mu Tong etc.) (Prohibition) Order 2001 prohibits manufacturing or supplying unlicensed medicines containing certain plants. Aconite, meaning all Aconitum species, carries “No permitted dose unless made available by a prescription”. Kava-kava is “Not permitted in unlicensed medicines, except those exclusively for external use”. Ephedra is capped by dose and “Can only be sold in premises which are registered pharmacies and by or under the supervision of a pharmacist.” Cited on the page for the existence and shape of the restriction regime and for those examples only. It is deliberately not cited as a toxicity statement, and the page says explicitly that a plant’s absence from this list means nothing about whether it is safe.

Supports: legal · changes often · checked 2026-08-19 · read 2026-08-19 · HTTP 200

UK Government (Rural Payments Agency)

The registration duty reaches hobby and pet keeping, not just farming. England only.

Where: Who needs a CPH number; species; timing; onward registrations

What checking found: Read directly, and it answers the question that actually stops people from starting. The guidance states that "You must get a county parish holding (CPH) number if you keep livestock as a business, hobby or pet in England" — the words "hobby or pet" are the load-bearing ones, because the near-universal assumption is that registration is a farming obligation. The species listed are "cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, deer, camelids (voluntary), poultry", and the guidance is explicit that keeping livestock "as a pet, such as a goat" is included. On timing: "You can apply for a CPH number a maximum of 6 weeks before livestock arrive." The registration then propagates — the RPA shares the information with APHA for a flock or herd number, and with the British Cattle Movement Service for cattle on the Cattle Tracing System. Cited on the smallholding page for exactly that, and for nothing about welfare standards, movement licensing detail or disease control, which are separate regimes with their own guidance. It is England guidance; Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland run equivalent but separately administered systems, which the page states.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-18 · read 2026-08-18 · HTTP 200

USA Pickleball

The rulebook most of the world plays to, including court dimensions, the non-volley zone, the two-bounce rule and equipment standards.

Where: Rules directory

What checking found: Upgraded from read-partial in Sprint 9 after re-reading. It is cited as the federation’s rules directory and that is what it is, listing the Official Rulebook, a rules summary, the equipment standards manual, wheelchair rules and the annual list of changes. It additionally states two things directly: that the rulebook is updated at the beginning of each year, and that it was first published in 1984. No dimension or scoring figure rests on it — the court at 20ft × 44ft, the net heights, the non-volley zone and the two-bounce rule are cited from the rulebook PDF, registered separately.

Supports: rules, equipment · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

USA Pickleball

The rulebook itself, as a versioned PDF. The 2026 edition is current.

Where: 2026 Official Rulebook — court dimensions, non-volley zone, service and the two-bounce rule

What checking found: Added so the dimensions rest on the rulebook rather than on the page that links to it. Confirmed from USA Pickleball material: court 20ft × 44ft; net 36in at the sidelines and 34in at the centre; non-volley zone bounded by a line parallel to and 7ft from the net; and the two-bounce rule requiring the ball to bounce once per side before any volley.

Supports: rules, equipment · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-13

Welsh Government

The CO alarm provisions and the caution that an alarm is not a substitute for correct installation. Cited for specification and purpose, not to extend a dwelling duty to a garden building.

Where: Section 1.24 to 1.27 — carbon monoxide alarms

What checking found: Downloaded and read as a PDF. Paragraph 1.24 provides that "Where a new or replacement fixed flued combustion appliance of any fuel (oil, gas (including LPG) and solid fuel) type is installed in a dwelling (including fixed flued cookers), a carbon monoxide alarm should be provided", and 1.26 requires one "in every space (including connected spaces for example attached garages and loft spaces) containing a fixed combustion appliance". On specification it states that alarms "should comply with BS EN 50291-1:2018, include an integral sounder and be powered by a battery designed to operate for the working life of the alarm". Paragraph 1.27 carries the caution the sauna page leans on hardest: "Provision of an alarm should not be regarded as a substitute for correct installation and regular servicing of combustion appliances. Where the combustion appliance is located in a small space it may not be possible to locate the detector within that space." Two limits are recorded rather than elided. This is the Welsh document; England has its own Approved Document J with equivalent provisions, and a reader outside Wales is sent to theirs. And the requirement is written for a *dwelling*, which a detached garden sauna generally is not — so the page cites this for what a CO alarm is for and what specification it should meet, and is explicit that it is not claiming the duty itself extends to an outbuilding.

Supports: legal, safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-17 · read 2026-08-17 · HTTP 200

Welsh Government (legislation.gov.uk)

The Welsh prohibition on electronic collars for cats and dogs — the one settled position on this question in the United Kingdom.

Where: reg. 2 (Prohibition on use of electronic collars)

What checking found: Read directly at the regulation rather than from the contents listing, because the contents page gives only headings. Regulation 2 prohibits a person from attaching an electronic collar to a cat or a dog, causing one to be attached, or being responsible for a cat or a dog to which one is attached. It covers cats and dogs and no other animal. This is the only UK electronic-collar position our pages state as settled; the others are described as unsettled rather than reported.

Supports: legal · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

World Archery Federation

Cited as an institutional pointer to World Archery’s rule corpus, not for any rule. The substantive citations moved to world-archery-book-2 and world-archery-book-3 in Sprint 9, which is what allowed this to stop being partial without anybody pretending the page says more than it does.

What checking found: Re-read twice in Sprint 9, and the first re-reading changed the record. Sprint 3 described this as the official rulebook index; it is no longer one. The page carries navigation to disciplines, equipment and fair play, and guidance that "the processing time for an interpretation request typically is approximately three months", but it links no books and contains no rules text — no distances, no face sizes, nothing. It was left partial on that reading because it was still carrying citations for content it does not hold. Those have since been moved to Books 2 and 3, and against what it is now asked for — that World Archery maintains a versioned rulebook and operates a formal interpretation process — the page is fully supporting.

Supports: convention · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

World Archery Federation

The events book of the World Archery rulebook, covering rounds, distances, categories and competition formats. Cited for round distances and faces, which Book 3 does not contain.

Where: Chapter 4, para 4.5.1.1 (Qualification Rounds); para 4.5.1.2 (Elimination and Final Rounds)

What checking found: Downloaded and read. This is the book Sprint 5 identified as the missing half of the archery round claim, and it closes it. The qualification-round table at 4.5.1.1 lists distance against face against division directly: 70 m outdoor on a 122 cm face for Recurve, and 50 m outdoor on an 80 cm face for Compound, with 122 cm at 50 m for Barebow. The six-ring detail is in the elimination table at 4.5.1.2, which specifies an "80 cm 6-ring" face for Compound at 50 m. Both distances and both faces are therefore now read in a primary document rather than corroborated.

Supports: rules · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15

World Archery Federation

The target archery book of the World Archery rulebook. Cited for target face diameters, which it contains, and no longer for round distances, which it does not.

Where: Chapter 12, para 12.5.2.1 (shoot-off target set-up)

What checking found: Sprint 5 downloaded and read the document, and it corrected the record rather than confirming it. The face sizes are there and are now directly quotable: for a shoot-off at long distances "For Recurve, there will be one target butt with one 122 cm target face", and for compound "only one 80 cm six-ring target face". What is *not* in Book 3 is the round distances. This edition covers equipment, shooting and conduct, order of shooting, timing and scoring; the 70m and 50m figures live in the events book, which we have not read. The previous record said the distances were confirmed against Book 3, and that was wrong — it is the kind of error that only surfaces when somebody opens the file. **Re-read in Mega Programme 43–45 for the shooting-control signals**, which are in 11.3 and are the origin of what a club whistle does on a Tuesday evening. 11.3.1: two sound signals for the designated athletes “to occupy the shooting line”; one sound signal, ten seconds later, “for shooting to begin”; two sound signals to “indicate that shooting is to stop, even if all arrows have not been shot”; and, once the required arrows are shot, “three sound signals will be given for the scoring to begin”. 11.3.3 is the one that matters most and is the shortest: “In the event of an emergency, a series of at least 5 sound signals will be given to signal that all shooting must cease”, with one signal to resume. The conduct rules the club culture is built on sit alongside them: 10.9, “No athlete may draw their bow except when standing on the shooting line. When drawing back the string of the bow, the bow should always point towards their own target”, and 11.2.3, “No athlete will occupy the shooting line except when the appropriate signal has been given”.

Supports: rules, equipment · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14

World Athletics

The international federation’s own statement of the half marathon distance and its status as a road running discipline.

Where: Discipline page

What checking found: Read directly. World Athletics states the half marathon as exactly half the marathon distance, at 13.1094 miles or 21.0975km, and classifies it as a road running discipline. It also records that the standalone World Half Marathon Championships were replaced by the World Athletics Road Running Championships from 2023. The page carries world record figures which we deliberately do not reproduce, because records change and a static copy is a reliable way of publishing something that stopped being true.

Supports: rules, history · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

World Athletics

The structure of the athletics rulebook, and which of the four books a competitor actually needs.

Where: Book C (Competition); item C1.1 & C2.1, Competition Rules & Technical Rules

What checking found: Read directly. The rules of athletics are published as four books — A Constitution, B Organisation, C Competition, D Integrity and Disciplinary — and the rules that govern how events are actually run sit in Book C, published as a combined "Competition Rules & Technical Rules" document last modified 1 July 2026. Cited on the athletics page for where the rules live and how they are structured, which is the practical question for somebody entering a first competition; no individual technical specification is reproduced.

Supports: rules · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

World Karate Federation

The kumite half of the WKF competition rules. Read for the control-and-contact standard only; the page still does not reproduce point values, bout durations or the penalty ladder, because those are revised annually and a static copy would go stale.

Where: Art. 8.2, 8.5 (scoring); Art. 9.1.1 (prohibited behaviour); Art. 10.4.1–10.4.2 (warnings and penalties)

What checking found: Downloaded and read, and it establishes directly what the index page could only imply. Control is a scoring requirement, not a courtesy: Art. 8.2 states that "points are scored by a traditional karate technique with the hand or foot executed with control to the scoring area", and Art. 8.5 requires a technique to "have the potential to be effective if it had not been controlled" and to satisfy all six scoring criteria, the second of which is "sporting attitude (delivered without intent to cause injury)". Excessive contact is penalised on the other side of the same rule: Art. 9.1.1 lists "techniques that make excessive contact" first among prohibited behaviours, Art. 10.4.1 allows a warning where contact "is considered by the Referee to be too strong", and Art. 10.4.2 states that "the athletes must perform all techniques with control and good form. If they cannot, then regardless of the technique misused, a warning or penalty must be imposed." Valid from 1 January 2026.

Supports: rules, safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15

World Karate Federation

The World Karate Federation’s published competition rules, kept as separate versioned documents for kumite, kata and para karate.

Where: Competition rules listing

What checking found: Opened. The page is the federation’s document index and it fully supports the structural claim it is cited for: kumite and kata are governed by separate rulebooks, para karate has its own competition rules, and the rules are versioned and revised — the listing carried 2026 editions of all three at the date read. It was previously recorded read-partial because it was also carrying the control-and-contact claim, which an index cannot support. Sprint 9 followed the link, read the kumite rulebook itself, and moved that claim to wkf-kumite-rules; against the structural claim that remains, this page is fully supporting.

Supports: rules · changes often · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

World Rowing (FISA)

The 30-minute ergometer association, stated as an association. The one fact the machine’s own marketing never mentions.

Where: Ergometer volume; risk factors; what to do when pain occurs; conditioning

What checking found: Read directly. The international federation’s guide, drawn from a 2021 consensus statement, states that "Doing large volumes of ergometer training, particularly sessions of more than 30 minutes without a break, are associated with an increased risk of back pain" — which is the single most useful and least published fact about indoor rowing, because the machine invites exactly the long unbroken session it warns about. It also states that "Once a rower has had back pain, they are at an increased risk of getting it again" and that "Fatigue and poor technique during rowing contribute to more spine flexion and less hip movement during the rowing stroke", and on management that "If you feel pain in your back that is stopping you from completing your normal training, try not to worry and do share this information with someone you trust such as your physiotherapist or doctor". On conditioning it favours "dynamic trunk exercises to improve endurance of the posterior chain" and notes that "static exercises such as ‘planks’ are unlikely to help". Cited on the indoor rowing page for the 30-minute association, the fatigue-technique link and the recurrence point. The association is stated as an association throughout, which is what the source says — it is not reproduced as a limit or a rule.

Supports: safety, technique · stable · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

World Rowing (FISA)

The rules for indoor rowing as a competitive discipline, including the virtual and hybrid formats that are the realistic route in for somebody with a machine at home.

Where: Rules ROI 1, ROI 10, ROI 11 and ROI 13, and the bye-law to ROI 10

What checking found: Downloaded and read as the PDF, which states its own version as March 2025. Rule ROI 1 is the part that matters to somebody rowing at home, because it makes the format a first-class category rather than a concession: a competition may be "In-Person", "Virtual" — "competitors are not in the same location but compete either in real time or in specified time frames" — or "Hybrid", where the two race against each other. Rule ROI 11 sets out that races may be "fixed distance, with rankings based on order of finish", "fixed time with rankings based on the distance rowed", or "calories burned", and that "The race formats may vary from competition to competition and rom race to race, but shall be published in the Competition Notice" (the typographical error is in the original). Rule ROI 10 gives the lightweight limits: "A competitor in a lightweight men’s event may not weigh more than 75.0 kgs" and "A competitor in a lightweight women’s event may not weigh more than 61.5 kgs", weighed "wearing only their racing uniform on tested scales not less than one hour and not more than two hours before their first race of each lightweight event in which they are competing, each day of the competition"; and ROI 10(3): "There shall be no lightweight events for any age categories below category 19-20." Rule ROI 13 is the equal-conditions rule: "All competitors in a race shall use identical make and model of rowing machines, the intention being that each competitor shall have equal racing conditions with all other competitors. No attachments may be added or connections made to any machine without the approval of the President of the Jury." Note what is not in this document: no drag factor, damper setting or calibration rule appears anywhere in it, and none is claimed on our pages. **Re-read in Mega Programme 43–45 against the 2026 edition, which the source-freshness work found had superseded the March 2025 PDF cited here.** World Rowing publishes the indoor rules as a dated annual artefact at a new URL each year, so the 2025 link kept resolving while ceasing to be the current document — the same shape of lapse the British Triathlon rules had. Every one of the passages above was checked against the 2026 document and all of them stand word for word: ROI 1’s three formats and the definition of Virtual, ROI 11’s fixed-distance, fixed-time and calorie formats and the Competition Notice requirement, ROI 10’s 75.0 kg and 61.5 kg limits with the one-to-two-hour weigh-in window, ROI 10(3)’s bar on lightweight events below category 19-20, and ROI 13’s identical-machine rule. The absence is unchanged too: a full-text search of the 2026 document for “drag”, “damper” and “calibrat” returns nothing. One detail worth recording because it explains the stability: the 2026-labelled document carries the internal line “Last updated: July 1, 2025”, so the edition rolled over without the text moving. Nothing on the indoor rowing page needed changing, which is the outcome an edition check should usually have — the point is that it was established rather than assumed.

Supports: rules · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

World Street Workout and Calisthenics Federation

An international federation organising street workout and calisthenics competition through national member organisations. One of several bodies; the page cites it as evidence that organised competition exists rather than as the authority on the sport.

Where: About; membership structure

What checking found: Read directly, and it supports the page’s structural point about governance while notably failing to support a stronger one. WSWCF describes itself as an international non-governmental non-profit founded in 2011 and headquartered in Riga, organiser of a Calisthenics World Championship, confederation cups and ranking series, working through national member organisations. What it does not do is claim to be the single governing body of the sport, and it names no canonical set of competition disciplines on this page — which is consistent with what the page says, that governance is fragmented and that form standards differ between organisers. Cited for the existence and shape of international competition, not for any form standard.

Supports: rules, convention · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

Craft Yarn Council

The industry standard yarn weight system, with recommended hook and needle sizes and gauge ranges per category.

Where: Standard Yarn Weight System table, categories 0–7

What checking found: Read directly, and it contradicted the hook-size table we had published under its name. The CYC standard gives 4.5–5.5mm hooks for category 3 (light/DK) and 5.5–6.5mm for category 4 (medium/worsted-aran); we had published 3.5–4.5mm and 5.0–6.5mm respectively, which are UK workshop convention rather than the CYC standard. The crochet page and gauge guide now present the CYC categories accurately and separately identify UK convention as the different thing it is. This is the single most useful result of the verification sweep.

Supports: equipment, technical, convention · stable · checked 2026-08-13 · read 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

Craft Yarn Council

The index of Craft Yarn Council standards, including the published crochet and knitting chart symbols.

What checking found: Upgraded from read-partial in Sprint 9 after re-reading, on the principle that the state should describe whether a source supports what it is cited for rather than whether it lacks something an editor once went looking for. It is cited as the body’s standards index and it is exactly that: yarn weight classifications, hook and needle sizing, crochet and knit chart symbols, abbreviations, body measurement charts, care symbols and difficulty levels, with a consolidated downloadable guidelines PDF and Spanish and French translations. It states that the standards exist to achieve uniformity across manufacturers for pattern design and yarn labelling. No numeric claim rests on it — the yarn weight data is cited from the weight system page, read separately.

Supports: convention, technical · stable · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

European Broadcasting Union

The broadcast loudness recommendation. Used to explain why loudness is now measured rather than eyeballed, and why making a mix louder stopped being a way to make it sound better.

Where: Recommendation summary, version 5.0 (November 2023)

What checking found: Read. R 128 recommends normalising audio to an average programme loudness of −23 LUFS, and specifies Loudness Range and Maximum True Peak Level as the accompanying descriptors. Version 5.0 dates from November 2023. Cited for the existence of a measured loudness standard and for the broadcast target; the page does not claim any streaming service’s internal target, because those are not published as standards and change.

Supports: technical, equipment · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

GINETEX

The international textile care labelling code and the body that owns the symbols.

Where: Care symbols; standards reference

What checking found: Read directly. The five basic care symbols are washing (a tub, with maximum temperature), bleaching (a triangle), drying (a square, covering tumble and natural drying), ironing (an iron, with dots for maximum soleplate temperature) and professional care (a circle, covering dry-cleaning and professional wet cleaning). The symbols are registered trademarks owned by GINETEX and the code is standardised as ISO 3758:2023, a fourth edition superseding ISO 3758:2012. The sewing page cites this for one claim only: that the symbols on a bolt of fabric are a standardised international system rather than each manufacturer’s invention. It makes no claim about whether care labelling is legally mandatory anywhere, which this page does not establish.

Supports: technical, convention · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

HETAS

The notification route and why it matters for insurance and resale. The scheme operator on its own scheme.

Where: Which approved documents apply; notification and self-certification

What checking found: Read directly. The competent-person scheme operator states that "installation work relating to domestic solid fuel, wood and biomass and the associated systems for heating, controls and hot water are subject to Building Regulations. The Approved Documents F, J, L, G, P are applicable", that "most work is notifiable to the relevant Local Authority", and that the notified information "is required for household insurance and the future sale of properties" — which is the practical consequence a self-builder cares about and almost nobody mentions. On the route through it: "Where work is carried out by a HETAS Registered Installer, who is registered for the category of work being done, the installer can self-certificate their work via HETAS rather than the customer applying for a Building Notice from their Local Authority", and the customer then receives "a HETAS Certificate of Compliance (Building Regulation Compliance Certificate)". Cited on the sauna building page for the notification route and its insurance consequence, alongside the Approved Document itself for the technical requirement.

Supports: legal, technical · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-17 · read 2026-08-17 · HTTP 200

International Fragrance Association

The industry standards system for fragrance material limits, and the reason a hobbyist cannot simply read a safe percentage off a chart.

Where: Scope, compliance and classification sections; current amendment

What checking found: Read directly. The Standards are described as "a globally recognized risk management system for the safe use of fragrance ingredients", classify materials as prohibition, restriction or specification, and are voluntary for the industry at large but mandatory for IFRA members, who are said to account for roughly 80 per cent of global fragrance volume. The page states that "the final responsibility for placing safe products on the market rests with the companies", and that skin-sensitisation Standards have been set on a quantitative risk assessment methodology (QRA2) since the 49th Amendment. The 51st Amendment is the current version. Cited on the perfumery page for what the system is and who it binds — not for any individual material limit, which this site does not publish.

Supports: safety · changes often · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

International Orienteering Federation

The specification defining every symbol and colour on an orienteering map, and the international control descriptions.

What checking found: Returns HTTP 403 to automated requests and could not be read. The mapping standard is real and is the correct authority for orienteering map symbology, but no passage has been confirmed. Retried in Sprint 23 and the block is domain-wide rather than page-specific: the old path had also moved and now 404s, the current mapping page 403s, and the federation’s own map wiki at omapwiki.orienteering.sport 403s as well. The URL here is updated to the live path so that a human following it lands correctly, which is the only part of this that could be improved. The claim it was carrying no longer depends on it: British Orienteering’s own maps page was read directly in Sprint 23 and states both halves of the colour convention, so `orienteering-map-colours` is now established on a source that was opened, and this record is kept as the unreachable international primary rather than as the thing the claim rests on.

Supports: technical, rules · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-18 · HTTP 403

Professional Disc Golf Association

The physical specification approved discs must meet, and the approved-disc list. Does not standardise flight numbers.

What checking found: The previous URL returned HTTP 403 and has been replaced with the guidelines page. Content confirmed from PDGA’s own technical standards material: approved discs must be between 21cm and 30cm outside diameter, must not exceed 8.3g per cm of diameter, and have measured rim depth and a flight plate not exceeding 0.5cm. Critically for our flight-numbers guide, nothing in the PDGA standards certifies speed, glide, turn or fade — those remain manufacturer figures, which is what we say.

Supports: equipment, technical · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS), publishing EN ISO 7458:2004

The international standard for testing how much internal pressure a glass container withstands. Cited for the existence and nature of the specification, not for any numerical rating — the standard is a test method, and the rating belongs to the individual container.

Where: Title and scope statement

What checking found: Read at the national standards body that publishes the European adoption, because ISO’s own catalogue returns 403 to automated requests. The scope confirms the standard “specifies two test methods for the determination of the internal pressure resistance of glass containers” — Method A applying a uniform pressure for a set period, Method B applying pressure rising at a constant rate. That is the whole of what we cite it for: the pressure a glass container will take is a specified, measured property of that container, not a property of glass.

Supports: technical, safety · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

The MIDI Association

The standards body for MIDI. Cited for what MIDI is, which is the thing beginners most often get wrong.

What checking found: Read, and partial because the specification itself sits behind membership. The public page states that MIDI “was established as a hardware and software specification which would make it possible to exchange information (musical notes, program changes, expression control, etc.) between different musical instruments or other devices” — which is exactly the point the page needs, that MIDI carries performance information rather than sound. Detailed parameters are not on the public page and are not quoted.

Supports: technical · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

American Historical Association (Perspectives on History), Jonathan Morris

The academic account of the pump-driven espresso machine. Cited for 1905, for 1961, and for where nine bars came from.

Where: The E61 and the pump-driven machine

What checking found: Read directly. Written by the historian of coffee for the American Historical Association’s magazine, and it supplies the two dates the home espresso page rests on. On the origin: "so-called ‘espresso’ machines, using pressure to speed up the coffee brewing process, were first manufactured in Milan in 1905." On the machine that produced the modern form: the Faema E61 of 1961 "took advantage of the country’s electrification by replacing manually operated levers with an on/off switch controlling delivery. This activated an electrical volumetric pump that passed hot water through the coffee under a constant nine bars of pressure", and it "drew cold water from an external source, passed it through a heat exchanger situated within its boiler" to allow continuous delivery. The nine bars a domestic machine advertises, and the heat-exchanger design a prosumer machine is sold on, are both named here. The article does not cover Bezzera, Pavoni or Gaggia and nothing about them is claimed from it.

Supports: history, technical · stable · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation

Peer-reviewed systematic review. The source for finger pulley injury prevalence and crimp loading.

Where: Background; anatomy and loading

What checking found: Read. Larsson, Nordeman and Blomdahl (2022), volume 14 article 148. It establishes the claim the bouldering page had been making without a source: “injuries to the flexor pulley system are the most common, and account for 15–20% of total injuries”, with A2 and A4 the two most commonly injured. It also supplies the number behind the open-handed advice — “during full crimp the MCP-joints are in 60° flexion…this sets the condition for maximum loads on the A2/A4-pulleys, with forces on the A2 of up to 36 times that of open hand.” On taping the review is deliberately cautious: low to moderate evidence that it reduces bowstringing by 15–22%, and very low certainty for pain and return to sport, so we do not recommend taping as prevention.

Supports: safety, technique · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

British Mycological Society

The learned society for mycology in Britain, on what amateur recording is for and where it goes.

Where: Recording fungi; the Fungal Records Database of Britain and Ireland

What checking found: Read directly. States that "biological records are an essential resource for understanding and mapping the UK’s fungal diversity", that records "collected and submitted to databases by individuals and groups affiliated to the BMS — the majority of whom are volunteers — are used to inform conservation priorities and policies", and that the Fungal Records Database of Britain and Ireland "contains over 2.5 million fungal records, covering four centuries of recording". Cited on the mycology page for the claim that amateur recording is the actual scientific contribution of the hobby, and for the scale of the database — which is the reason the page is built around recording rather than around foraging.

Supports: convention, history · stable · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

British Trust for Ornithology

The UK’s bird research organisation, on the licensing and training required to ring birds, and the surveys volunteers contribute to.

What checking found: Replaced the BTO home page with the ringing scheme’s own training page, which is the passage our claim rests on. Confirmed from BTO material: ringers begin as trainees on a T-permit and progress to C and then A permits; obtaining a permit usually takes a year or more of regular ringing with qualified ringers; and BTO issues permits on behalf of the statutory nature conservation bodies. This directly supports our description of ringing as licensed, formally trained and served by an apprenticeship.

Supports: technical, convention · stable · checked 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

British Trust for Ornithology

The joint code of conduct for British birdwatching. Cited for community convention rather than for law — the statute is cited from the statute.

Where: Five things to remember; Avoid disturbing birds; Be an ambassador for birding; Finding and watching rare birds; Rare breeding birds; ‘Twitching’ rare birds

What checking found: Read directly. The code most British birdwatching is conducted under, and unusually for a code of conduct it explains itself rather than issuing instructions. The five headline points are stated as “Avoid disturbing birds and their habitats – the interests of the birds should always come first”, “Be an ambassador for birding”, “Respect and follow land access rules, rights and laws at all times”, “Know what to consider and do if you find a rare bird or breeding species”, and “Record your sightings to help us monitor bird populations and movements”. Cited on the birdwatching page for the *social* half of that, which is the part no other source we hold covers: the instruction to lead “by example, and sensitively challenging any birders who behave inappropriately”; the request to “Respond positively to questions from interested passers-by” because “Your enthusiasm could start a lifetime’s interest”; the explicit inclusion statement that “Optics, guides and specialist knowledge do not make a birder; the common ground shared by all birders is finding enjoyment and meaning in engaging with birds”; the sequence for a rare find, which puts the landowner or warden first and the county bird recorder second and the wider world last, with the test being “whether the site can cope with a large number of visitors”; and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel’s advice against publicising the location of rare breeding birds “unless the bird is breeding at a public and well-protected area such as a wardened nature reserve”. It also names the ‘crowd effect’ — the cumulative disturbance of “lots of normal-volume conservation, phone ringtones, etc” (the typo for “conversation” is in the original) — which is the one piece of hide etiquette a code has bothered to explain rather than assert. The playback rule and the Schedule 1 position are cited from here too, though the statutory wording remains sourced to the Act itself.

Supports: convention, safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

University of Portsmouth, Extreme Environments Laboratory (peer-reviewed)

Peer-reviewed physiology of the cold shock response. Registered specifically to test the claim on the wild swimming page against something that is not the RNLI, and it changed the wording.

Where: Introduction; immersion protocol and results for IMM1

What checking found: Read directly, and it corrected us. The cold shock response is described as comprising "tachycardia, a reflex inspiratory gasp followed by uncontrollable hyperventilation", evoked by stimulation of peripheral cold receptors — which matches what the page said. What did not match is the duration. The immersion protocol measures three windows, 0–30s, 30–60s and 60–300s, because the response is still being measured at five minutes; heart rate and inspiratory minute volume peak inside the first 30 seconds and then decline rather than stop. Immersions were in 15°C water, which is the temperature our own threshold claim uses.

Supports: safety, technical · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

HARMAN technology (ILFORD PHOTO)

The manufacturer on UK domestic disposal, and on why the silver-recovery duty is a trade obligation rather than a household one.

Where: Safe working practices; waste disposal — domestic users; business and trade users

What checking found: Read directly, and it settles a question the hobby internet has thoroughly muddled. The manufacturer draws a sharp line between domestic and trade users, and states of the domestic route — explicitly "The following details relate to the UK" — that local authorities "should have arrangements for receiving small quantities of used or unwanted chemical wastes ... at Household Waste and Recycling Centres", that there is "usually a “chemical cupboard”" and that "Processing chemicals can be left there". Only "if such disposal routes are not available" should "small amounts of used chemicals ... be flushed down the drain with plenty of water", and in either case "Do not mix chemicals for disposal" and "It is inadvisable to dispose of used photographic chemicals into a septic tank because this may compromise its effectiveness". Silver recovery is placed squarely under business and trade users, where waste "should be disposed of through a licenced waste disposal operator" and "(Recovery of silver from used fixer, film and paper is a key part of the waste treatment process.)" — which is the distinction that most forum advice collapses. Also read for handling: "use suitable gloves and face or eye protection when handling or mixing chemicals" and "Ensure darkroom areas are well ventilated". Cited on the film photography page for disposal and for handling.

Supports: safety, rules · stable · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

Schmetz

A needle manufacturer’s own guide to needle types and what each is intended for.

Where: Needle types and available sizes

What checking found: Opened, and it supports half of what it was consulted for. It confirms the needle types and their intended uses — universal for general knit and woven sewing with a slight ball point, ball point or jersey for knits and some stretch fabrics, sharp or microtex for straight stitching on delicate and microfibre cloth, denim with a medium ball point and reinforced blade for thick wovens and quilts, and leather for leather and heavy non-wovens. It lists sizes in the paired form (70/10, 80/12, 90/14) but nowhere explains that the two numbers are the European and American systems, so that half of our sentence is craft knowledge rather than a citation. Recorded as read-partial for that reason.

Supports: equipment, technique · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

Appalachian Trail Conservancy

Cited for the sequence that shows thru-hiking postdates the trail it is done on by more than a decade.

Where: Timeline: 1921, 1925, 1937, 1948, 1968, 2005

What checking found: Read directly. The organisation that has administered the trail since before it existed, and the dated sequence that thru-hiking as an activity descends from. Benton MacKaye’s "An Appalachian Trail: A Project in Regional Planning" was published in October 1921 in the *Journal of the American Institute of Architects*. "The Appalachian Trail Conference was established on March 2–3, 1925, as a stand-alone organization" to build it. The trail was fully connected from Maine to Georgia in 1937. Earl Shaffer completed the first known continuous end-to-end hike in 1948 — eleven years after the route existed, which is the fact the thru-hiking page is cited for, because it establishes that the trail was not built for thru-hikers and that the activity was invented on top of it afterwards. "The National Trails System Act is signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson" in 1968, "making the A.T. a national scenic trail under federal protection". The Conference renamed itself the Conservancy in 2005.

Supports: history · stable · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford

Cited for the dated origin of the violin’s form and for the nineteenth-century modification of surviving instruments.

Where: Collection introduction; the ‘Messiah’ violin by Stradivari

What checking found: Both the collection page and the museum’s page for the instrument were read. The collection “was founded on a group of instruments which was given to the Ashmolean by the firm of W.E. Hill and Sons in 1939” and holds “an exceptional sequence of violins, violas, and cellos by members of the Amati family, Antonio Stradivari, and several later craftsmen”, including “the earliest dated violin, made by Andrea Amati in 1564” and “Stradivari’s ‘Messiah’ of 1716”. The ‘Messiah’ page carries the detail the luthiery page is cited for, and it is not the one people expect: the violin “owes its fame not to the sounds that it makes but to the astonishing condition in which it survives” — “The varnish, however, is almost unworn, the carving is as crisp as the day it was made and the painted edge-work on the scroll survives intact.” And then, in the same breath: “The neck was lengthened and the pegs, bridge and tailpiece were added in the 19th century.” The best-preserved Stradivari in the world was still rebuilt to modern setup, which is the fact a modern maker most needs to know about the instruments they are copying.

Supports: history, technical · stable · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

British Library

A national library’s public collection of literary articles and primary material spanning a millennium of English writing.

Where: Collection overview and period coverage

What checking found: Read directly. The resource comprises over 130 English literature articles with films, collection items and teachers’ notes, organised across medieval literature, Shakespeare and Renaissance writers, eighteenth- and nineteenth-century literature, twentieth- and twenty-first-century literature, and a widening-representation strand, covering more than a thousand years of writing. Cited on the fiction page for one narrow purpose: to support the claim that institutional collections make reading across literary periods practicable without a specialist library. It is a teaching resource rather than a scholarly account of the novel’s origins, and no claim about when the novel began rests on it — the page treats that question as genuinely disputed instead.

Supports: history · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

British Museum and Amgueddfa Cymru — National Museum Wales

The voluntary recording scheme for archaeological finds made by the public, and the Finds Liaison Officer network.

What checking found: finds.org.uk returns HTTP 403 to automated requests. The scheme’s existence and operation were confirmed from the British Museum’s own description: PAS is a voluntary scheme, managed as a partnership between the British Museum and Amgueddfa Cymru, recording archaeological finds made by the public through a network of more than 40 locally based Finds Liaison Officers. Our record previously attributed it to the British Museum alone, which has been corrected.

Supports: legal, convention, history · stable · checked 2026-08-13 · HTTP 403

Crafts Council

The national development agency for craft in the UK.

What checking found: Returns HTTP 403 to automated requests and could not be read. Retained as the national development agency for craft in the UK, but no passage has been confirmed and no participation figure is cited from it anywhere on the site. Retried in Sprint 23: still HTTP 403 to automated requests. Bot-protection rather than a dead link, and it carries no claims.

Supports: market, history, convention · stable · checked 2026-08-13 · HTTP 403

DarkSky International

Light pollution measurement and the certification of dark sky places.

What checking found: Returns HTTP 403 to automated requests and could not be read. Retained because it is the recognised authority on light pollution and dark sky place certification, and because the tool it supports is not built. No passage has been confirmed. Retried in Sprint 23: still HTTP 403 to automated requests. Bot-protection rather than a dead link, and it carries no claims.

Supports: technical, convention · stable · checked 2026-08-13 · HTTP 403

East Sussex Fire & Rescue Service

The oily-rag fire hazard, from a fire service rather than from craft lore. The reason wood finishing is risk level 3.

Where: Spontaneous combustion; storage; safe disposal

What checking found: Read directly. A UK fire and rescue service states that "linseed oil can spontaneously combust through an exothermic reaction and rags soaked in linseed oil can catch fire without an external ignition source", explains that oil-soaked rags act as insulators preventing heat dissipation during oxidation, and instructs: "do not discard oily rags in a closed container or in a pile where they can’t dry out". Its disposal advice is to "spread out oily rags in a well-ventilated area to dry before disposal", to "soak oily rags in water for several days before disposal", and, if a container is used, to "ensure it’s made of metal with a tight-fitting lid and fill it with water". Cited on the wood finishing page for the hazard and for the disposal instruction — both quoted rather than paraphrased, because this is the one warning on that page where the wording matters.

Supports: safety · stable · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

Grasmere Lakeland Sports and Show

The organisers of the oldest continuously run guides race, cited for the origin of fell racing and for the professional and amateur records that sit side by side.

Where: History; Timeline (1852, 1868, 1978, 1985)

What checking found: Read directly, both the history page and the timeline. The meeting that holds the oldest continuously run fell race, quoting its own nineteenth-century sources rather than paraphrasing them, and the account is unusually candid about its own uncertainty. J. Wilson, in *The Life of Thomas Longmire* (1887), is quoted saying it "is somewhat difficult to arrive at the exact time when these noted sports were really established, as they emanated and gradually developed from the old rustic wrestling contests, for most insignificant prizes, which were inseparable from the annual Sheep Fair, held on the first Tuesday in September" — and dates the first Guides Race to 1869 with "10 entries in the first Guides Race won by G. Birkett". The organisers then correct their own quoted source in a bracketed editorial note: "[The first Guides Race to the top of SilverHowe, was in fact held in 1868, and was also won by Birkett, but with wrestling, high jumping, pole vaulting, flat races and a boat race in the programme — it was a true ‘sports’ meeting]". The timeline states 1868 for both the Guides Race and the hound trails, "date from the first regular Sports meeting in 1868", and records that the sports were separated from the Fair "the following year [1870]". Two records are given and the pair of them carry the professional/amateur history of the sport: "The current Grasmere Guides Race record of 12 minutes 21.6 seconds over the Butter Crags course, was set by Fred Reeves in 1978 and is still unbeaten today", while a separate "course record, established on May 16th 1985 in an Amateur event, is held by Kenny Stuart with a time of 12 minutes and 1 second". Also recorded: Bill Teasdale, "a local shepherd from Caldbeck, won the event 10 times during the 50’s and 60’s".

Supports: history · stable · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

Heritage Crafts

The Red List entry. Cited for the craft’s origin, the age of the burin, and its current endangered classification with practitioner numbers.

Where: History; Viability; Craftspeople currently practising; Issues affecting the viability

What checking found: Read directly. The organisation that maintains the Red List of Endangered Crafts, and the only source we hold that records both a craft’s history and the size of its surviving workforce in the same place. On origins: the craft "developed in the 14th Century, when it became common for swords and other arms to be embellished and decorated"; the 1300 hallmarking act named "gravers and the cutters of seals"; and of the tool, "First introduced in the 16th Century, these tools are still in use today." On the present, which is the part that makes the history matter: hand engraving is classified **Endangered**, with 21–50 people making their main income from it — the Hand Engravers Association’s own estimate is around 40 — 11–20 earning a side income, and five trainees in the country. The stated reasons are a "Lack of master engravers able to take on apprentices", an "Ageing workforce", and "very few hand engraving firms who have the capacity to take on trainees". Cited on the hand engraving page for the origin, the continuity of the tool, and the endangerment classification.

Supports: history, market · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

HM Coastguard (Maritime and Coastguard Agency)

The government coastguard service on coastal risk. Genuinely independent of the RNLI: a statutory agency rather than the lifeboat charity, reaching the same conclusions from its own incident data.

What checking found: Read, and brought in specifically to give the tidal cut-off warning a second voice that is not the RNLI. The government coastguard service states that “rapidly rising water can trap you in isolated bays, coves or on sand bars, often with little or no warning and no easy escape route”, advises checking the weather forecast and tide times before leaving home, advises knowing where all the exit points are before going onto a beach or into a bay, and warns that “walking further along may not be an option as the water can come in along channels and block your way”. What it does not say anywhere is that the tide comes in faster than walking pace, which is why our wording was narrowed rather than simply gaining a citation.

Supports: safety · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

London Fire Brigade

Cited for how lithium cells fail, with the e-bike scope stated on the page rather than hidden.

Where: Lithium battery fires; failure behaviour

What checking found: Read, and the mismatch is recorded rather than papered over. The brigade states that "on average there’s a fire from a lithium-ion battery in an e-bike or e-scooter every two days in London" and that "when lithium-ion batteries fail they can ignite quickly and produce intense fires that spread rapidly". That guidance is about e-bikes and e-scooters specifically, not about hobby battery packs, so what the robotics page takes from it is the failure behaviour and the scale of the problem — explicitly, in the text — rather than any instruction addressed to hobbyists. The detailed charging guidance sits on further pages not read here. Filed read-partial on both counts.

Supports: safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

MUMAC — Museo della macchina per caffè

The coffee machine museum. Cited only for the crema attribution, because the dated chronology is not on this page.

Where: The collection

What checking found: Read, and it supports less than it looked as though it would, which is recorded rather than glossed. The museum is the coffee machine collection — Maltoni and Cimbali "pooled their personal collections to create the largest collection of coffee machines in the world", with over 25,000 documents alongside the machines, and a stated purpose of "documenting the evolution of an Italian custom" rather than one firm’s corporate history. What it carries for us is the crema attribution: the Gaggia Classica is described as "the first to enable users to obtain a cream". What it does *not* carry, and what is therefore not cited from it, is a dated chronology — no date is given here for Bezzera’s patent, for Pavoni, or for the sequence of pump-driven machines, and the dates on our page come from the historical literature instead.

Supports: history · stable · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

National Center for Cold Water Safety

An American water-safety organisation, cited for independence rather than jurisdiction — the physiology does not change at a border, and the point of registering it is that it is not the RNLI.

What checking found: Read directly. A water-safety body with no connection to the RNLI, reaching the same conclusions from the same literature: cold shock occurs in water below 60°F (15°C); the gasp "totally fills your lungs" and is "immediately followed by hyperventilation — very rapid, out-of-control breathing"; and the breathlessness "continues for up to three minutes before gradually declining". That last figure is the one that matters, because it is three times what we had published.

Supports: safety · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

National Health Service

The national health service on the condition itself, used for the definition and symptoms rather than for outdoor advice.

What checking found: Read. Defines hypothermia as “a dangerous drop in body temperature below 35C (normal body temperature is around 37C)”, lists shivering, pale cold dry skin, slurred speech and slow breathing among the signs, and — the point that matters for a hill page — includes “tiredness or confusion”, so impaired judgement is a recognised symptom rather than our inference. It also makes clear that it does not require extreme cold, describing simply staying out in the cold too long. It does not address wind chill or wet clothing specifically, so the page treats those as the mechanism by which ordinary British hill conditions get you there, and does not attribute that framing to the NHS.

Supports: safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

National Health Service

The emergency instruction, and an explicit record that the NHS page says nothing species-specific.

Where: Common substances that can cause poisoning; when to get emergency help

What checking found: Read, and its silence is the finding. The page lists "certain plants and mushrooms" among common causes of poisoning and gives the emergency instruction — "call 999 or go to A&E if you think you, a child, or someone else may have swallowed, touched or breathed in something harmful" — but offers nothing mushroom-specific: no species, no syndrome, no delay-before-symptoms. Cited on the mycology page for the emergency action only. It is recorded here partly to stop a future editor citing it for anything about identification, which it does not support.

Supports: safety · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

National Science and Media Museum

The national collection for photography, cited for the origin of the negative–positive process rather than for a general chronology.

Where: Talbot’s earliest negatives; the negative–positive process

What checking found: Read directly. The museum holds Talbot’s own material and describes the origin of the process that every film photographer still uses: “In 1834, five years before the public announcement of the daguerreotype, Talbot developed a process which produced a negative image on sensitised paper”, and “The negative could then be used to create multiple positive photographs by contact printing.” It dates and names the survival: “This photograph, *Latticed Window at Lacock Abbey*, taken in August 1835, is the earliest known surviving negative.” Cited on the film photography page for the single fact that explains the medium — that photography arrived as two rival inventions and the one that won was the reproducible one. What this page does *not* carry, and what is therefore not claimed from it, is the later technical sequence: wet collodion, gelatin dry plates, roll film and 35mm are not described here, and no date for any of them is taken from this source.

Supports: history · stable · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

NHS

Cited only for what botulism is and how serious it is. The link to curing specifically is not made by this source and is not asserted on our page; the page instead declines to publish cure formulations at all and sends the reader to specialist instruction, which is the honest response to holding evidence for the consequence but not for the mechanism.

What checking found: Read, and recorded as partial because of what it does not say as much as what it does. It supports the seriousness squarely: botulism "is a serious condition that can make you very unwell", "rare but can be life-threatening and needs immediate treatment in hospital", and it is "caused when a certain type of bacteria, or the toxin the bacteria make, gets into your body". Recovery "can take up to a year". On foods it names improperly cooked or stored food, contaminated tinned, jarred or bottled foods, and honey for infants under twelve months. What it does not do is name cured, dried, fermented or smoked foods as a category — so it cannot be cited for the proposition that home curing specifically carries this risk, which is the proposition a charcuterie page would most want it for.

Supports: safety · stable · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

NHS

The national physical activity recommendations for adults, including the muscle-strengthening frequency.

Where: Recommendations for adults aged 19 to 64

What checking found: Read directly. Adults aged 19 to 64 are advised to do strengthening activities working all the major muscle groups — named as legs, hips, back, abdomen, chest, shoulders and arms — on at least two days a week, alongside either at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity activity or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity activity per week, spread over four to five days or every day. The calisthenics page cites this for one narrow purpose: to situate a training frequency of two or three sessions a week against national guidance. It is deliberately not used to support any claim about body composition, and the page states that refusal explicitly.

Supports: safety, convention · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

Okinawa Prefectural Government

The Okinawan prefectural government’s own account of karate’s origins and its transmission to mainland Japan, published as part of its cultural promotion of the art.

Where: History of Okinawa karate; the introduction to mainland Japan

What checking found: Read directly, and it is unusually useful because the publisher hedges where enthusiast histories do not. The prefecture’s own account states that there are various theories about the origin and that karate is *believed* to derive from the older Ryukyu martial art of "te", with three regional traditions named for Shuri, Naha and Tomari. It attributes the introduction into school education in the Meiji period to Ankō Itosu and his students, and dates Gichin Funakoshi’s demonstration in Tokyo to 1922, with Kenwa Mabuni and Chojun Miyagi promoting the art in the Kansai region. It names the Funakoshi and Mabuni lineages as the origins of Shotokan and Shito-ryu. Our history section was rewritten against this: it now carries the 1922 date and the school-education route rather than a vague "early 1900s", and it retains the hedging because the source itself hedges.

Supports: history, convention · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

Ordnance Survey

Britain’s national mapping agency, on grid references, contour interpretation and scale.

What checking found: Read. The getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk address recorded in Sprint 2 now returns a 301 to osmaps.com and the URL here has been updated to the destination. The guide covers grid references, contour lines, map scales, symbols, measuring distance and compass bearings, which is what we cite it for. It does not cover walking pace or Naismith-style timing, so nothing about hiking time estimation may rest on it.

Supports: technique, technical · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

Ordnance Survey

The grid reference convention from the body that owns the grid. The mechanical half of rally navigation.

Where: Eastings and northings; four-figure and six-figure references; the 100km letter prefix

What checking found: Read directly, from the national mapping agency whose grid this is — which makes it the right authority for a convention rather than a technique. It gives the reading order as "Along the corridor, then up the stairs", easting first and northing second; states that a four-figure reference identifies a 1-kilometre square and a six-figure reference a location "within 100 metres", reached by imagining the kilometre square divided into a ten-by-ten array and adding a digit to each half; that Great Britain is covered by 100km squares "each identified by two letters (such as TL)"; and that a reference always refers to "the bottom left-hand corner of the square". Cited on the rally plotting guide for exactly those conventions. Reached via a redirect from the former getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk address, which is recorded because the old URL is what most references point at and it now 404s.

Supports: technique, convention · stable · checked 2026-08-17 · read 2026-08-17 · HTTP 200

Royal Museums Greenwich

Observing guidance and sky events from the Royal Observatory.

What checking found: The previously recorded URL was dead (HTTP 404) and has been replaced with the current astronomy guides index. Confirmed as Royal Observatory Greenwich material covering naked-eye observing, what is visible without equipment, meteor showers and the observatory’s public astronomy programme.

Supports: technique, history · stable · checked 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

Royal Museums Greenwich (Royal Observatory)

The national observatory on solar imaging safety — an institutional source for a claim the BAA states at specialist tier.

What checking found: Read. It states the warning in the form the astrophotography page needs, covering cameras as well as eyes: do not look at the Sun “Through your naked eyes without protective glasses” or “Through a telescope or camera lens without a proper solar filter”, with consequences given as “Permanent damage to your eyesight, and even blindness” and “Damage to your camera. Optics can magnify the intensity and brightness of sunlight, and this can cause damage to your equipment.” A DSLR behind a proper front-mounted solar filter is described as acceptable for white-light work.

Supports: safety, technique · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

Royal National Lifeboat Institution

The UK and Ireland lifeboat charity, on coastal and tidal risk including being cut off by the tide.

What checking found: Added during Sprint 2 to close a previously unsourced safety warning about tidal cut-off on estuaries. Confirmed from RNLI material: tidal cut-off is a named risk the charity campaigns on; the advice is to check tide times from a trusted source before setting out, to allow for spring tides coming in further and faster than usual, to plan to be back on safe ground with time to spare, and always to carry a means of calling for help. In an emergency on the coast, call 999 and ask for the Coastguard.

Supports: safety · stable · checked 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

Royal National Lifeboat Institution

The specific authority for the cold water claims on the wild swimming page, including the 15°C threshold and Float to Live.

What checking found: Confirmed from RNLI material. Cold water shock is a danger in water at 15°C and below, and average sea temperatures around the UK and Ireland sit at roughly 6–10°C for much of the year. It causes uncontrollable gasping and a sharp rise in heart rate, can bring on panic and drowning very quickly, and can cause heart attacks in people who are young and healthy. The RNLI’s advice is never to jump straight in but to enter slowly and wait for breathing to settle, and its Float to Live message is to fight the panic instinct, lie back with the head tilted, and move hands and legs gently until breathing is under control.

Supports: safety · stable · checked 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

Royal National Lifeboat Institution

RNLI guidance written for open water swimmers specifically.

What checking found: Confirmed from RNLI material: acclimatise by splashing water on the neck and face and waiting out the first minute rather than swimming immediately; be seen, using a brightly coloured swim cap and a tow float; wear a wetsuit appropriate to the water temperature and the time you intend to spend in it; and consider a flotation device, which substantially improves the chance of surviving the initial shock.

Supports: safety, convention · stable · checked 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

Royal School of Needlework

The recognised authority on hand embroidery technique and its teaching in Britain.

What checking found: Reachable and confirmed as the RSN’s own site, teaching hand embroidery technique and holding a historical collection. Cited for technique and teaching authority rather than for a specific dated claim.

Supports: technique, history, convention · stable · checked 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds

Cited as an institutional pointer — who the RSPB is, that it holds reserves, and that it publishes the identification material — rather than for any technique. Sprint 9 moved this off read-partial by narrowing the use rather than by finding more in the page: it was partial only because it was being asked for advice that lives one level down, on rspb-identification-tips.

What checking found: Read, and it is a landing page — which is now all it is asked to be. It establishes the RSPB as the bird and wildlife conservation charity, publishing identification resources and a bird A–Z and holding over 170 reserves, and it supports each of those fully. It carries no statutory wording about disturbing Schedule 1 species, so the legal claim is sourced to the Act itself, and it carries no identification technique, which is now cited to the page that does.

Supports: convention · stable · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds

Added in Sprint 9. The RSPB landing page had been carrying the identification citations without containing any identification advice; this is the page the advice is actually on.

Where: The seven numbered tips, in order

What checking found: Read in full. The RSPB orders identification as size ("try to compare it to other species you recognise close by"), body silhouette ("a simple silhouette can be enough to set you on the path"), shape of beak, legs and feet ("this will give a good indication of its diet"), colour and markings, behaviour ("a great way to narrow down its identity", illustrated with dunnocks skulking while house sparrows use feeders), habitat, and time of year. This supports the substance of our identification order — that structure, behaviour and habitat do the work — and it supports the caution about colour, since the page notes juveniles differ from adults and that plumage changes with the season. It does not put colour last, which is our own ordering, so the page is cited for the components and not for the sequence.

Supports: technique · stable · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

Scottish Avalanche Information Service (sportscotland)

The national avalanche forecast service. Cited for what exists and where to get it, never for a judgement about any specific slope.

Where: Forecast areas; Be Avalanche Aware

What checking found: Read directly. The service issues avalanche forecasts for six Scottish mountain areas — Creag Meagaidh, Glencoe, Lochaber, Northern Cairngorms, Southern Cairngorms and Torridon — over a winter season, alongside recorded avalanche activity and mountain weather station data, and publishes the Be Avalanche Aware educational material. The page read carried no hazard category at the time of access because the seasonal service had not yet begun, which is itself the useful fact for a hobby page: the forecast is seasonal and area-specific, so it is something to check daily rather than a property of a mountain. Cited on the ski touring page for what the forecast is and where it comes from. No hazard level, slope angle or terrain judgement is reproduced.

Supports: safety · changes often · checked 2026-08-16 · read 2026-08-16 · HTTP 200

The Strong National Museum of Play

A national museum’s account of the origins of tabletop roleplaying and the role that runs it.

Where: Origins and significance

What checking found: Read directly. The museum records that in the 1970s the wargamers Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson added the concept of roleplaying to the strategy games they played, that the game was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame in 2016, and that its mechanics carried into computer games and eventually into massively multiplayer forms. Cited on the game mastering page for the wargaming origin of the referee role and for the transmission into computer games; the page deliberately does not use it to date the hobby precisely, because the museum gives a decade rather than a year and competing accounts exist.

Supports: history · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

UNESCO

The UNESCO inscription. Cited for what a sauna is understood to be in the tradition it comes from, and for the centrality of löyly.

Where: Inscription description (2020, 15.COM)

What checking found: Read directly. Inscribed in 2020 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, which makes this the only source we hold that treats a hobby subject as a protected cultural practice rather than as a pastime. UNESCO’s description states that "Sauna culture in Finland is an integral part of the lives of the majority of the Finnish population", that "In a sauna, people cleanse their bodies and minds and embrace a sense of inner peace", and that "Traditionally, the sauna has been considered as a sacred space — a ‘church of nature’". On the technical heart of the practice, which is also the thing a builder has to design for: "At the heart of the experience lies löyly, the spirit or steam released by casting water onto a stack of heated stones." On transmission: "Sauna traditions are commonly passed down in families and though universities and sauna clubs also help share knowledge." And the figure that shows the scale: "With 3.3 million saunas in a country of 5.5 million inhabitants, the element is readily accessible to all."

Supports: history, convention · stable · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

United States Environmental Protection Agency

Radium and uranium in ordinary antiques: intact display versus dismantling, which is the distinction that carries the risk.

Where: Radium clocks, watches and dials; uranium ceramics and glass

What checking found: Read directly and it states the position the antique collecting page takes, in the same shape: radioactive antiques are usually not a health risk as long as they are intact and in good condition, and radium watches and instrument dials should not be taken apart. It also covers uranium-glazed ceramics — including Fiestaware before 1973 — uranium glass and cloisonné, with the same intact-versus-damaged distinction, and directs that broken radioactive antiques be disposed of via a radiation control programme. Cited as a radiological materials fact rather than as a statement of any UK duty; the page says so where it uses it. Retrieved from the January 2021 archived snapshot because the live RadTown URL now returns 404.

Supports: safety · stable · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

Victoria and Albert Museum

The museum’s own account of the antique trade and its part in forming the national collection.

Where: The antique trade and the museum’s early collecting

What checking found: Read directly, and it is a museum writing about its own dependence on the trade, which is a more useful thing for a collector to read than a general history of taste. On when the trade began: Dean Tuck, trading as a "curiosity dealer" in London from the 1820s, represents "the start of the antique trade as we now understand it". Named firms and dates follow — Durlacher Brothers established in the 1840s and "major suppliers of antiques to the museum from its earliest period", with over fifty objects acquired through them; Phillips of Hitchin from 1884. On the relationship: "The early decades of the V&A’s collecting were rooted in relationships with the antique trade", and John Webb (1799–1880) acted as dealer, agent and adviser to the museum’s first Director — negotiating with lenders, accompanying the Director on visits, lending the museum cash, and leaving a purchase fund still in operation. Cited on the antique collecting page for the age of the trade and for the fact that the categories and standards a collector inherits were built by dealers and curators working together rather than by scholarship alone.

Supports: history, market · stable · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

Victoria and Albert Museum

Cited for the boundary between hat-making and millinery, and for the age of each.

Where: Collection introduction

What checking found: Read directly. The museum draws the distinction the millinery page needed and that most writing on the subject blurs: hats are ancient and millinery is not. In the V&A’s words the collection is “a revealing and exciting record of the changes in headgear over the past 17 centuries”, while “Millinery is comparatively recent – becoming established over the past 300 years” and “concentrates on the more decorative and fashionable side of hat-wearing.” On what hats are for, which is the reason the craft survived the collapse of everyday hat-wearing: they “have the power to impart a message of authority, affiliation, individuality, propriety, rebellion and style.”

Supports: history · stable · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

Woodland Trust

Tree and woodland identification and seasonal guidance.

What checking found: Upgraded from read-partial in Sprint 9, and the re-reading corrected our own note as well as the state. Confirmed: the UK’s largest woodland conservation charity, caring for over 1,000 woods across the UK, working to protect woodland, restore damaged ancient woodland, create new native woodland and maintain public access, headquartered in Grantham with offices in Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. The previous finding recorded it as founded in 1972; the page states only that it is celebrating fifty years and gives no founding year, so that date has been removed rather than carried forward. Cited for what the organisation is and does, which it fully supports.

Supports: technical, convention · stable · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

British Astronomical Association

The specific authority for the solar-observing warning: full-aperture filters only, and why screw-in eyepiece filters are dangerous.

What checking found: Read, and it supports the solar warning in stronger terms than we published. “Do not look at the Sun directly either through a telescope or with the unprotected naked eye.” It names projection onto white card as the safest method, requires a secure undamaged filter fitted over the object end of the telescope, and warns specifically against eyepiece-end solar filters: these “can shatter and the solar image will instantly burn out your retina leaving you permanently blinded in that eye.”

Supports: safety, technique · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

British Astronomical Association

The UK’s national society for amateur astronomers.

What checking found: Reachable and confirmed as the BAA’s own site, with observing sections, a handbook and equipment guidance for amateur astronomers. Cited for general observing convention; the solar safety claim rests on the BAA’s dedicated solar observing page instead.

Supports: technique, convention, technical · stable · checked 2026-08-13 · HTTP 200

British Veterinary Association

The British veterinary profession’s stated position on aversive training devices, and its account of how the legal position differs across the UK nations.

Where: Policy position; UK legal status by nation

What checking found: Read directly. The BVA calls for a complete ban on the sale and use of electric shock collars for dogs and cats across the UK, states that even low-level shocks produce physiological and behavioural responses associated with stress, pain and fear, and recommends reward-based training as both the most effective method and the one that protects animals from pain or suffering. It also sets out that the legal position differs by nation — banned in Wales, not in force in England at the time of writing, addressed by guidance rather than prohibition in Scotland, and without specific legislation in Northern Ireland. Cited for the professional position and for the fact that the legal position varies; deliberately not cited as the current statement of what the law is in any nation, because the page itself describes a moving situation.

Supports: convention, safety · changes often · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

Craft Potters Association of Great Britain

The membership body for studio potters in the UK, and publisher of Ceramic Review.

What checking found: The domain we had recorded (craftpotters.org.uk) does not resolve; the association’s actual domain is craftpottersassoc.co.uk, which returned HTTP 503 at the time of checking. Independently confirmed that the CPA was established in 1958, represents around 2,400 members, and owns and publishes Ceramic Review. Recorded as inaccessible because the site itself could not be read. Retried in Sprint 23: still HTTP 503. Unlike the 403s this may be a genuine availability problem rather than bot-protection, and it is worth another look next sprint. It carries no claims.

Supports: technique, convention, equipment · stable · checked 2026-08-13 · HTTP 503

Fastest Known Time

The definitions behind self-supported, unsupported and supported. Cited for the vocabulary only — never for whether a particular route may be run.

What checking found: Read. The three styles are defined here and nowhere more authoritatively, because this site is the register: "Unsupported means you truly have no external support of any kind. You must carry everything you need from start to finish except water from natural sources"; "Self-Supported means you may have as much support as you can manage or find along the way, but not from any thing or person just for you; any support you employ must be equally available to anyone else"; and "Supported trips can have as much support as you can enlist, as long as you are entirely self-powered." Two route conditions were taken from it: "Routes must be at least 5 miles (8 km) long or have at least 500 feet (150 m) of elevation gain", and routes "shouldn’t go on private property except in rare circumstances where there is permitted access". Verification is required and its detail lives on a separate page, which is said rather than paraphrased. **This is not a governing body and is not treated as one.** It is the specialist register that defines the vocabulary the practice uses; the access position on any given British route is governed by law and by the land manager, and those are cited separately.

Supports: convention · changes often · checked 2026-08-22 · read 2026-08-22 · HTTP 200

National Association of Music Merchants (NAMM)

The 2019 revision of CITES Annotation 15, which exempts finished musical instruments but not the tonewood a maker buys.

Where: Scope of the revised Annotation 15

What checking found: Read directly, and it carries the distinction the luthiery page turns on. Under the revised Annotation 15, effective 26 November 2019 under CITES notification 2019/052, imports and exports of finished musical instruments, finished parts and finished accessories no longer need a CITES permit. The exemption covers finished products only: raw timber and tonewood are not included. It applies to all Dalbergia species except Brazilian rosewood, Dalbergia nigra, which remains on Appendix I. Used because the CITES notification itself could not be retrieved — see the note on the claim record.

Supports: legal · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-15 · read 2026-08-15 · HTTP 200

Nordic Larp (nordiclarp.org)

The reference wiki for the Nordic tradition. A community source, and named as one; cited for the manifesto that shaped the style rather than for larp’s general history.

Where: Dogma 99; the Vow of Chastity; influence

What checking found: Read directly. A community-maintained wiki rather than an archive or a university, and cited as one — but for this subject that is a less serious limitation than it looks, because the tradition in question is unusual in documenting itself: the Knutepunkt conferences have been accompanied by published theory books since 2001, and this wiki is where that literature is indexed. The page records that Dogma 99, subtitled "A programme for the liberation of larp", was a Norwegian manifesto published online in December 1999 by Lars Wingård and Eirik Fatland on behalf of a wider collective, and that it "kick-started the Age of manifestoes". Its "Vow of Chastity" set ten prohibitions, among them no game mechanics, no main plot, no secrecy, no organiser interference once play has begun, no inspiration from tabletop roleplaying, and — the rule that produced the visual style the form is now known for — "No object shall be used to represent another object." Its definition of a larp is quoted as "a meeting of players who, through their roles, relate to each other in a fictional world". The page attributes to it the mainstreaming of minimal mechanics, original premises, transparency and the 360-degree illusion. Cited on the live action roleplay page for the origin of the Nordic style specifically, and not as a general history of larp, which this page does not attempt.

Supports: history, convention · reviews annually · checked 2026-08-23 · read 2026-08-23 · HTTP 200

Rowan, Rook and Decard

A tabletop publisher’s summary of the established safety tools, with each attributed to the person who devised it.

Where: Named tools and their originators

What checking found: Read directly, and cited specifically because it attributes each tool rather than presenting them as folklore. It names lines and veils as Ron Edwards’, the X-card as John Stavropoulos’, the Script Change toolbox as Beau Jágr Sheldon’s, C.A.T.S. as Patrick O’Leary’s, and the TTRPG Safety Toolkit as curated by Kienna Shaw and Lauren Bryant-Monk. The primary toolkit itself is a PDF that could not be parsed here, so this publisher is cited for the attribution and nothing is quoted from the toolkit’s own text.

Supports: convention · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200

Society of Authors and the Writers’ Guild of Great Britain

A joint survey by the two British authors’ unions of writers who used paid-for and so-called hybrid publishing services. Both publishers block automated requests, so this was not opened here and nothing rests on it alone — the fiction page cites it alongside a separate authors’ body that discussed it publicly, and states only that the report exists, was conducted by those two organisations, and reported substantial losses. No figure from it is quoted on any page.

Supports: market, convention · stable · checked 2026-08-14

The Authors Guild

An authors’ body responding publicly to the British paid-for publishing survey, used to corroborate a primary source that blocks automated access.

Where: Statement text

What checking found: Read directly, and registered specifically because the primary report could not be. The Authors Guild describes the Society of Authors’ study as the first report of its kind, offering empirical and at times troubling insight into how authors may be exploited by paid publishing programmes, and warns that the space has created an avenue for dishonest publishers to take advantage of authors who commit thousands of dollars. It quotes no figures from the report and neither do we. This corroborates that the report exists, who produced it and what it found in general terms, from a different organisation in a different country — which is the most that could be established without opening the primary.

Supports: market, convention · stable · checked 2026-08-14 · read 2026-08-14 · HTTP 200